ehpf;Fwth;
1.mDgtk;:
,yl;Rkp> taJ 55> Nfhl;^HGuj;jpYs;s
ehpf;Fwth; FbapWg;Gg; gFjpapy; trpf;Fk; ehpf;Fwth; r%fj;ijr; NrHe;jg; ngz;.
ghrpkzp Nfhh;j;J tpw;gid nra;gth;. gpwe;J tsh;e;jJ tpOg;Guk; Nfhl;lj;jpy;@ jw;NghJ ,e;j ,;lj;jpy; trpj;J tUfpwhh;. xU jfuj;jhy; Md tPl;by; jdJ FLk;gj;Jld;
tho;e;J tUk; ,tUf;F fztiu ,oe;J 10 Mz;Lfs;.
,tUila kfs; Mwhk; tFg;Gtiu gbj;J
tpl;L mjw;F Nky; gs;spf;Fr; nry;ytpy;iy. njUf;fspYk; Fg;igf; Ftpay;fspYk; nefpop
(gpyh];bf;) kw;Wk; fhfpjk; Mfpatw;iwg; gphpj;njLj;J mtw;iw gioag; nghUs;
filfspy; tpw;W jq;fspd; md;whl tho;it elj;jp tUfpd;whh;. ,yl;Rkpf;F xU kfDk; cz;L. fNz\;> taJ 30> mth; fhl;Lg;g+id>
Gwh> mzpy;> cLk;G> nfhf;F> fhil> nfsjhhp Mfpa tpyq;Ffis Ntl;ilahb mtw;iw tpw;W jd; md;whl Njitfisf;
ftdpj;Jf; nfhs;Sthh;. ,th; kJg;
gof;fj;jpw;Fk; mbikaha; cs;sth;. ,th;fs;
%tUk; FLk;gkhf mkh;e;J kJ mUe;JtJ tof;fk;.
mLj;j ehs; Njitfs; vd;W vijAk; ,th;fs; Nrh;j;J itg;gJ fpilahJ.
rpk;ud;>
taJ 17> gs;spf; fy;tpia 7Mk; tFg;Gld; epWj;jptp;l;L ghrpkhiyfs; tpw;Fk;;
njhopypy;
nghJthf
,th;fs; fy;tpf;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk; nfhLf;fhky; Ntl;ilahLtJ> gioa nghUl;fisnay;yhk;
gphpj;J tpw;gJ> ghrpkhiy Nfhh;j;J tpw;gJ> mk;kp nfhj;JtJ> fj;jp
mhpths; Nghd;wtw;iw $Hikahf;Fjy; kw;Wk; ,aw;if kUj;Jt Kiwfis itj;J itj;jpak;
ghHg;gJ Mfpa njhopy;fspy;
; tWik
jhz;ltkhLk; ,th;fspd; tPLfs;> epue;ju
njhopy; ,y;yhky; tUtha; ,y;yhj epiy>
tWik jiy tphpj;jhbdhYk; rpf;fdk;> Nrkpg;G > ghJfhg;G vjph;fhyk;
vd;W ,th;fs; Nahrpg;gJ fpilahJ. gbg;gwpT ,y;yhjjhy; rKjhaj;jpy; gpd;jq;fpa
epiy. cyfk; tsh;e;Jtp;l;lhYk; ,th;fspd;
Kd;Ndw;wk; jilgl;Ls;sJ. tdg;gFjpfSk;
,q;F ,y;iy mth;fs; Ntl;ilahbg; gpiof;f. kw;w ,f;fhy re;ijAs;s njhopYk;
iftrk; ,y;iy. jkpofj;jpy; ,th;fs;
,Ue;jhYk; jq;fisj; jkpoh;fshf milahsg; gLj;jpf; nfhs;tjpy;iy. jq;fSf;nfd;W xU ,af;fk; ,Ue;jhYk; gy;NtW
cl;gpsTfs;> gphpj;j kdepiyfs;@ ,jw;fpilapy; ,th;fis fpwp];jth;fshf;Ftjpy;
jPtpuk; fhl;Lk; gphptpidr; rNfhjuh;fs;. tho top fhl;l ,th;fSf;F Ms; ,y;iy@ Mdhy; ,th;fspd; kjq;fspd; Nky; mf;fiw
fhl;Lfpd;wdH rpyh;.
,th;fisg;
nghJthfg; ghh;j;jhy; tWik gPbf;fg;gl;lth;fshj; njd;gLth;. tPL ,y;yhky;> xU fe;jy; Jzpia ge;jyhfg;
Nghl;L> njU Xuq;fspYk; eilghijfspYk; ,th;fs; FbapUg;gijg; ghh;f;fyhk;
fy;tpawpT> gbg;G> Ntiy tha;g;G vd;w ehl;lk; ,y;yhky; ,Ug;gijf; fhzhyhk;.
Neha;tha;g;gl;L>
cly; typikapd;wp fhzg;gLk; ,th;fspd; Njhw;wk; ,th;fspd; Rfhjhukw;w epiyiaAk;
Neha;fSf;F ,th;fs; gypahFk; epiyiaAk; ekf;F Rl;bf;fhl;Lk;. ehpf;Fwth;>
FUtpf;fhud;> gpr;irf;fhud;> Fwth;> ehfhPfk; ,y;yhjth;fs;> ehNlhbfs;>
guNjrp vd;Wk;> ,th;fisj; jPz;lj;jfhjth;fs; vd;Wk; r%fk; xJf;fp itf;fpd;w
epiy. ,th;fspd; ey tho;Tf;fhfr;
r%fj;jpy; Fuy; nfhLf;f md;ik fhyq;fspy; rpW rpW eythhpaq;fSk; ,af;fq;fSk;
Kd;te;Js;sd. ,tHfisg; gw;wp vOe;j jhfk; ,q;F Ma;thf mike;Js;sJ.
2. Ma;T:
2.1
ehpf;Fwth;fs; ahh;?
ehpf;Fwth;fs;
Jk;gh ,dj;ijr; rhh;e;j kf;fs;. jkpo;ehL kw;Wk; Nfus khepyj;jpy;
fhzg;gLfpd;wdh;. Mjpthrp ,dkhd ,th;fspd; Kf;fpa NtiyiahdJ Ntl;ilahLtJjhd;. jkpofj;jpy;
,th;fs; FUtpf;fhud;> FUtpf;fhurhjp> Fwtd>; FStd;> ehpf;Fwtd;>
ehpf;Fwtf; $l;lk;> ehpf;Fwtr;rhjp vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLfpd;wdh;. ehpf;Fwth;
my;yJ ehpkf;fs; vd;W toq;fg;gLk; ,th;fs; Ntl;ilahLtjpy; ehpfisg;Nghy;
nray;gLtjhYk; ehpfisg; gpbg;gjhYk; ,g;ngah;fisg; ngw;wdh;. ,tUila tUkhdj;jpw;fhfg; ghrpkhiy Nghd;wtw;iw
nra;J tpw;Wj; jq;fspd; gpiog;igj; Njbg; nfhz;ldh;. ,jdhy; ,th;fs; epue;ju ,lg;ngah;rpf;F
cs;shfp> Ch; tp;l;L Ch; nrd;W ghrpkhiy tpw;W te;jdh;. Foe;ijfSk; jq;fspd;
ngw;NwhUld; nry;tjhy; gs;spf;Fr; nry;y Kbatpy;iy. Mq;fpNyah; Ml;rpapd; NghJ Fw;wg;gphpT
,dr;rl;lk; 1871 vd;gjd;fPo; ,th;fis Fw;wthspfshff; fUjg;gl;lJ 1952 Mk; Mz;L
,th;fSf;F ,Ue;J te;j ,e;j ghFghL gLj;Jk; rl;lk; ePf;fg;gl;lJ. ,th;fis itj;Jf; flj;jypy;
khd; Njhs;> nfhk;G> ahidj;
je;jk; Mfpatw;iwf; flj;jpajhy; ,th;fis tdg;gFjpfspy; Ntl;ilahlj; jilr;
nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. ,th;fs; kPJ ,Ue;j Fw;wf;
fz;Nzhl;lk; njhlh;eJ ,Ue;J tUfpd;wJ.
“1966
Mk; Mz;L nth;j; vd;gtuhy; nfhLf;fgl;l Ma;Tfspd; Kbthf> ,k;kf;fs; FIuhj;
kw;Wk; ,uhI];jhd; Nghd;w khepyq;fspypUe;J jkpo; ehl;bw;F Fbngah;e;jth;fs;”[1]
vd;Wk; $wg;gLfpd;wJ.
jkpo;ehl;by;
cs;s ehpf;Fwth;fs; Me;jpu khepyj;jpYs;s yk;ghb ,d kf;fNshLj; jq;fisj; njhlh;G
gLj;jpf; nfhs;Sfpd;whh;fs;. ,th;fs; “tf;hpNghyp”
vd;w nkhopiag; NgRfpd;wdh;. ,th;fSf;Fj;
jkpopy; Ngrj; njhpe;jhYk; ,th;fspd; ehl;Lg;Gwg; ghly;fs; kw;Wk; rkar;rlq;Ffs;
tf;hpnghyp nkhopapy;jhd; cs;sJ.
,th;fspd; Gyk; ngah;jy; gw;wp gy;NtW fUj;jpay;fs; epyTfpd;wdh.;
2.2.
Gyk; ngah;T:
“ehpf;Fwth;fs;
tl ,e;jpahtpy; Muty;yp kiyj; njhlh;> Nkthh;> FIuhj; Kjypa gFjpfspypUe;J
te;J jkpofj;jpy; FbNawpath;fshth;. tl
,e;jpahtpy; Kfkjpah;fspd; gilnaLg;gpd; NghJ ,];yhk; kjj;ijg; gpd;gw;w kWj;J
,q;F te;J FbNawp ,Uf;fyhk;”[2].
khdpltpayhh; ma;ag;gd; gpd;tUkhW $Wfppwhh;. “fpgp 6 my;yJ 7 E}w;whz;Lfspy; ,th;fs;
jkpofk; te;Jf; FbNawpapUf;ff; $Lk;. nkhfyhag;
gilnaLg;gpd; NghJ cld;te;NjhuhfTk; ,Uf;ff; $Lk;.”[3] Mil
mzpfyd;fs; jiyg;ghif mzpAk; Kiw> gz;ghL topghl;L Kiw> nkhop Mfpait Ntw;W
khepyj;jpypUe;J jkpofk; te;Jf; FbNawpath;fs; vd;gijNa fhl;LfpwJ.
Vwf;Fiwa 100
my;yJ 150 Mz;Lfs; Kfyhah;fSld; mbikfshf tho;e;j ehpf;Fwth;fs; Kfyhah;fSf;Fg;
gae;J ehl;L thof;ifia tpl;Lf; fhl;Lf;Fs; Xb xspe;jdh;. ,th;fspd; Milfs;
ehpf;Fwth;fis mbikfshf milahsk; fhl;lNt mtw;iwf fow;wp tpl;Lf; fhl;Lf;Fs;
,Uf;Fk; ,iyfis Milahf mzpe;J nfhz;ldh;.
tlf;Nf Kfyhah;fSf;Fg; gae;J rpWJ rpwpjhfg; Gyk; ngah;e;J njw;Nf te;Jf;
Fbakh;e;jdh;. Kfyhah;fSf;Fg; gae;J
fhl;Lg; gFjpapYk; kiyg;gFjpapYk; tho;f;ifia Nkw;nfhz;ljhy; gwitfisAk;
tpyq;FfisAk; Ntl;ilahlTk;> mjd; gy;NtWgl;l xypfis mwpe;J mtw;iwg; Nghd;Nwf;
fj;jTk; fw;Wf; nfhz;ldh;.
,tHfs; jhq;fis
kuhj;jp khepyj;ijr; Nrh;e;j rj;jpugjp rpth[papd; tk;rj;jpypUe;J te;jth;fs;;
vd;fpd;wdh;. ehpf;Fwth;fs; rpth[p Gypia
Ntl;ilahb Gypapd; efj;ij kiwKfkhf itj;Jj; jd; vjphpfisg; Nghhpl;L ntd;whh;. “thf” vd;why; kuhl;b nkhopapy; Gyp; “thf;hp”
vd;why; Gypapdj;jth;fs; vd;Wk; nghUs;gLk;.
ehpf;Fwth;fs; xUtiu xUth; “thf;hp” vd;W mioj;Jnfhs;s ,JNt fhuzkha; ,Uf;fyhk;. rpth[papd; giltPuh;fsha; ,Ue;j ,th;fs;
Njhw;Wg; Ngha;tplNt nfhj;jbikfsha; tho tpUg;gkpy;yhky; ,uNthL ,uthf Milfisf;
fow;wp tpl;L ,iyfis mzpe;J fhl;Lf;Fs;
md;W Kjy; ,d;W tiu ahUf;Fk; mbikahFk; vz;zk; ,y;yhky; kpfr; Rje;jpukhf tho;e;J
tUtjhff; $Wfpd;wdh;.
njhopiy ikakhf itj;J jhd; tho;f;if mikfpwJ.
ehpf;Fwth;fspd; Kjd;ikj; njhopNy Ntl;ilahLjy; vd;gjhy; Ntl;ilahl VJthf cs;s
,;lkha;g; ghh;j;J efh;e;J nry;th;.
,jdhy; Xhplj;jpy; epiyaha; trpf;fhky; ,lk; ngah;e;J nry;fpd;wdh;.
2.3.
r%f mikg;G:
jkpo;ehl;by;
kl;Lk; Rkhh; 49>500[4]
ehpf;Fwth;fs; ,Ug;gjhf Ma;T $WfpwJ. ehpf;Fwth;fs; kw;wr; r%fj;jpdUld; fye;J cwT
itj;Jf; nfhs;s tpUk;Gtjpy;iy. ve;jtpj vjph;fhyj; jpl;lKkpd;wp jq;fs;
Foe;ijfisj; jq;fSilag; ghuk;ghpaj;ijj; jOtpNa tsh;e;J Mshf;Ftjhy; mth;fSk; czT>
cil> nkhop> gof;ftof;fk;> fyhr;rhuk; Nghd;wtw;wpy; ehpf;Fwth;
gz;ghl;ilg; gpd;gw;wp tUfpd;wdh;. Mz;fs;
Ntl;ilahlTk; ngz;fs; Crp> ghrpkzp> rPg;G Kjypatw;iw tpw;fr; nry;tJk;
tof;fk;. fhiyapy; mtuth; gpiog;igr;
Njbr; nrd;Wtpl;L khiyapy; tPLjpUk;Gk;NghJ mhprp> kPd;> fUthL> cg;G>
Gsp kpsfha;j;J}s; Kjypad thq;fpte;J czT rikj;J
$l;lkhf njUtpy; mkh;e;J cz;Zthh;fs;. gphpahzp nghl;lyk; $l thq;fp
cz;gJk; ,th;fSf;Fg; gpbf;Fk;@ rkay; Ntiyiaf; Fiwf;Fk;;.
tpyq;FfNsh gwitfNsh Ntl;ilapy; fpilj;jhy; mtw;iwAk; Nrh;j;J rikj;J cz;gh;.
ntw;wpiy> Gifapiyg; Nghl;Lf; nfhz;Lk; fs;> rhuhak; Fbj;jy; Mfpatw;iwg;
gof;fkhf itj;jpUf;fpd;wdh;.
tapw;Wg;
gpiog;igj; Njl Kbahj ehpf;Fwt KjpNahh;fs; FbirapNyNa jq;f itf;fg;gl;L czT
mspf;fg;gLtJ kfDila filikahFk;.
ehpf;Fwth;fspd; tho;if Kiwiag; gw;wpr; RUf;fkhfr; nrhy;y Ntz;Lkhdhy;
epiyj;j tho;f;ifiaAk; ehfhPfk; njhopy;EZf;fk;> gbg;G tha;g;GfSk; ,y;yhky;
kpf kpff; Fiwe;j tUkhzj;jpy; epiwe;j tho;tpid tho;e;J tUfpd;wdh; vdyhk;.
2.4.
rhkpr; nrhj;J (rhkp %l;il):
ehpf;Fwth;
rhkp%l;il vd;fpw Jzp%l;ilia itj;jpUg;gh;.
jhq;fs; gyp nrYj;jpa tpyq;Ffspd; ,uj;jj;jhy; njha;j;jj; Jzp %l;ilNa rhkpr;
nrhj;J my;yJ rhkp %l;il. xU tk;rk; (Nfhj;jpuj;jpd);
rhkp %l;ilia kw;w tk;rk; njhlf;$lhJ. xU
FLkgj; jiytd; ,we;jTld; ,e;j rhkp%l;il mf;FLk;gj;jpd; %j;j kfDf;F
chpikahfpd;wJ. xU tk;rj; jiythpd; ngUik
,e;j rhkp %l;ilapd; goikapy; mike;Js;sJ.
2.5
Mz;fs;:
FLkgj;ij MltNu
jiyikNaw;Wg; ghJfhf;f Ntz;bapUf;fpd;wJ. rpWFoe;ijahf ,Uf;Fk;NghNj Mz;fSf;F %d;W
Kiw nkhl;ilabj;J Kbtsh;f;f Ntz;Lk;. FLkp
itj;Jf; nfhz;lhy;jhd; rlq;Ffspy; fye;Jnfhs;s KbAk;. Rhkp nrhj;Js;s egh; fl;lhak; FLkp itj;jpUf;f
Ntz;Lk;.
gQ;rhaj;J nra;tjpYk;
rlq;F Kiwfspy; fye;J nfhs;sTk; Mz;fNs Kjd;ikg; gLj;jg;gLfpd;wdh;. fz;l ,lq;fspy;
$lhuk; mikj;jy;> ,uT gfy; vd;W ghuhky; Ntl;ilahLjy;> jpUtpohf;fspy; gY}d;
kw;Wk; nghk;ikfis tpw;wy;> gr;ir Fj;Jjy;> kUj;Jtk; ghh;j;jy;> Mfpa
Ntiyfis Mz;fs; ngUk;ghYk;
2.6.
Mz;fspd; Ntiyfs;:
1.
Ntl;ilahLjy;> NjndLj;jy;
2.
gr;ir Fj;Jjy;
3.
ehl;L kUe;J jahhpj;jy;
4.
%ypif itj;jpak; ghh;j;jy;
5.
Jg;ghf;fp cz;bNfhy;> NfhZ}rp> Mfpa
ngUl;fisAk; NkYk; gy nghUl;fisAk;
jahhpj;jy;> tpw;wy;
6.
filfis mikj;J tpw;gid nra;th;
2.7.
ngz;fs;:
ehpf;Fwtg; ngz;fs; Mlth;fshy;
mbikg;gLj;g;gLk; R+oy; mth;fspd; r%fj;jpy; ,y;iynad;whYk; xU ngz; vd;gts;
tPl;Lg;guhkhpg;G Ntiyfis mjpfkhf Nkw;nfhs;fpwhhs;. Mbg;ghb jphpAk; 14> 15 taJfspNyNa jpUkzk;
nra;J 20> 25 taJfspy; KJikapd; jsh;r;rpAs;sth;fshff; fhzg;gLfpd;wdh;. rpWtajpNyNa kzk; Kbf;fg;gLtjhy; fUitr; Rkf;f
tsh;r;rpapy;yhky; fU fiye;Jk;> cjpug;Nghf;F mjpfhpj;Jk; ,Ug;gjhy;
cly;eyf;FiwT Vw;gLfpd;wJ.
Njitahd czT
,y;yhj NghJk; gps;isfSf;fhfg; gpr;irnaLj;J Cl;b tsh;f;fpd;wdh;. ngUk;ghyhd ehpf;Fwtf; Foe;ijfs; 3 taJ tiu
jha;g;ghy; Fbj;J tsh;fpd;wdh;. jha; jq;fspd; iff; Foe;ijfisj; jq;fs;
Ke;jhidahy; fl;bf; nfhz;L Rke;jthW Ntiyfisr; nra;fpd;wdh;.
2.8.
ngz;fspd; Ntiyfs;:
1. ghrp
kzpfl;b tpw;wy;
2. filfspy;
nghUl;fis tpw;wy;
3. ,LKb
fl;b tpw;wy;
4. Fwp
nrhy;Yjy;
5. gr;ir
Fj;Jjy;
6. gioag;
nghUl;fis Fg;igf; Ftpay;fspypUe;J gphpe;J tpw;wy;
2.9.
jpUkzk;:
ehpf;Fwth;
r%fj;jpy; Mz;tPl;lhh; ngz;tPl;lhUf;F ghprg;gzk; nfhLj;J kzk; Kbg;gjhy; ngz;
Foe;ijfshy; tuT Vw;gLfpwJ. ,jdhy; ngz; rpRf; nfhiy vd;gjpy;yhky; ngz;Foe;ijfis
tpUk;gpg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;fpd;wdh;. ,Ug;gpDk; ngz;fs; ,e;j r%fj;jpy; rhpr;rkkhf
kjpg;gjpy;iy. Mdhy; Mz;fisg; NghyNt ngz;fSk;
kWkzk; Ghpe;J nfhs;syhk; vd;gJ Fwth;; ,dj;jpd; r%f xg;ge;jq;fspy; xd;W. gQ;rhaj;jpd; topahf kztpyf;F
nfhLf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
ehpf;Fwtg;
ngz;fs; kpf ,isa tajpNyNa jpUkzk; nra;J nfhz;L gps;isg; ngWtjhy; jhAk; NrAk;
jplkhf ,Ug;gjpy;iy@ Cl;lr;rj;J ,y;yhky;
Foe;ij ,we;JtpLfpd;wJ> Foe;ijfs; kpfTk; nkspe;J fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. gbf;Fk; tajpy; rpWth; rpWkpah; Milapd;wpAk;
jiyr; rPthkYk;> mOf;Fg; gbe;Jk;> njUe;njUtha;f; ifNae;jpg; gpr;ifnaLj;Jk;
Crpkzpfis tpw;Wk; fy;;tpawptpd;wp ehfhPfkpd;wp epfo;fhyj;ij tWikapNy fopf;fpd;wdH. ntw;wpiy kw;Wk; fs; gof;fk; rpW Foe;ijfSf;Fk;
$l te;J tpLfpd;wJ.
2.10.
,th;fspd; jpwikfs;:
·
iftpidg; nghUl;fisr; nra;tjpy; if
Njh;e;jth;fs;
·
ghlfh;fs;> eldf; fiyQh;fs;
·
ehl;L itj;jpaj;jpy; rpwe;jth;fs;
·
gr;ir Fj;Jjy;> fhJFj;Jjy; Mfpatw;iw
mwpe;jth;fs;
·
Jg;ghf;fpiag; gad;gLj;jp Ntl;ilahb tpyq;Ffis
vspjhf gpbg;gth;fs;
·
jq;fspd; Jzpfisj; jhq;fshfNtj; ijj;Jf;
nfhs;th;
·
gy nkhopfisg; NgRk; jpwk;gilj;jth;fs;
·
rpwg;ghf tpyq;nfhyp vOg;gp Ntfkhf Xb
Ntl;ilahl gapw;rpg; ngw;wth;.
·
gy;NtW Ch;fSf;Fr; nry;tjhy; ,aw;ifNahL
xd;wpj;J> ntt;NtW ,aw;ifr; R+oy; kw;Wk; jl;g ntl;g epiyfSf;F Vw;wthW tho
jplk; ngw;wth;fs;
2.11.
nghUshjhu epiy:
ehpf;Fwth;fspd;
tUtha; xU fyg;Gg; nghUshjhuk;. ,th;fspd; nghUshjhu epiy gpd;jq;fpNa cs;sJ. ,th;fs; Ntl;ilahb rpy nghUl;fis tpw;W fy;tpapd;ik> gpw r%f kf;fspd;
Va;g;Gk;> ,aw;if VJtpy;yh fhyq;fspy; njhopypd;ik Mfpatw;wy; ,th;fs;
nghUshjhuj;jpy; gpd;Df;Fj; js;sg;gl;bUg;gijNa fhzyhk;.
,d;iwa
epiyapy; nrd;idapy; trpf;Fk; ehpf;Fwth;fs; njhiyNgrpf; fil> Fsph;ghdf;
fil> jpz;gz;lq;fs; tpw;Fk; fil> kUe;Jf; fil Nghd;wtw;iw itj;Jg; gpiog;G
elj;Jfpd;wdh;.
2.12.
,aw;if tsq;fisr; rhh;e;j tho;T:
Ntl;ilahLjy;>
%ypif Nrfhpj;jy;> Njd; vLj;jy; Nghd;w ,aw;ifg; nghUl;fisj; Njb vLj;J mtw;iw
tpw;Wg; gpiog;ig elj;Jk; ,th;fs; ,aw;if
tsKs;s gFjpfisNa jhd; Njbr; nry;fpd;wdh;.
,aw;ifNahL xd;wpj;J tho;fpd;wdh;.
2.13.
ehNlhb tho;if:
xU ,lj;jpy;
FbapWg;ig mikf;fhky; Ch; Cuhfr; nrd;W gpiog;igj; Njb ,Ug;gJ ehNlhb tho;if. epiyaha;
,y;yhky; Rw;wpj;jphpe;J jq;fspd; r%fj; njhopy;fisr; nra;Jg; gpiog;gth;fs;
,th;fs;. FLk;gj;Jld;
,lk;ngah;e;J
miyAk; kf;fs; ,th;fs;. jq;fspd; tho;ehs; KOtJk; ehNlhbfshfNt ,Ue;JtpLfpd;wdh;.
cyfNk vq;fs; Ch;> thdNk vq;fs; $iu vd;W tPLfl;lhky; epyk; thq;fhky;
guNjrpfshf jphpgth;f;s. xU Fbir kl;Lk;
Nghl;L mjpy; mt;tg;NghJ kl;Lk; $b ,Ug;gh;. kw;w Neuq;fspy; Rw;wpj; jphptijNa
,th;fSf;Fj; njhopyhf mike;J tpLfpd;wJ.
2.14.
rkak;:
,ay;ghf flTs;
ek;gpf;if cs;sth; ,e;j ehpf;Fwth;. rptd; gps;isahh;> ngUkhs>; Iadhug;gd;>
tPud>; fhsp Jh;if> <];thp> kPdhl;rp> khfkhaPP> gthdp> Mfpa
nja;tq;fis topgLfpd;wdh;. ,th;fSf;nfd;W
Nfhapy;fs; ,y;iy> md;ik fhyq;fspy; gy fpwp];jtr; rigfs; ehpf;Fwth;fis
kjkhw;wk; nra;Js;sdh;. jpUtpoh rkaq;fspy; Ml;Lf;fplha; kw;Wk; vUikf;fplha;
Nghd;wtw;iw caph;gyp nrYj;jg; gLfpd;wdH.
,e;jj; jpUtpohf;fs; 3 ehl;fs; tiu ePbf;Fk;.
2.15.
r%f epiy:
jkpof muR
ehpf;Fwth;fis gpw;gLj;jgl;Nlhh; gl;baypy; Nrh;e;Js;sJ. tpLjiy rpWj;ijfs; fl;rpapdh; ehpf;Fwth;fspd;
eyd;fSf;fhg; NghwhbtUfpd;wdh;.
ehpf;Fwth; Nrth rq;fk; 1996 Mk; Mz;L cUntLj;J ehpf;Fwth;fspd;
Foe;ijfSf;Ff; fy;tp toq;f Kaw;rpj;Js;sJ.
NkYk; ,th;fs; Xhplj;jpNyNa jq;fp tho top nra;Jk; tUfpd;wJ. 2008 Mk; Mz;L ehpf;Fwth; eytho;T thhpak;
mikf;fg;gl;L jkpof murhy; mq;fpfhpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,t;thhpak; ehpf;Fwth;fisg; goq;Fb ,dg;
gl;baypy; Nrh;f;fg; Nfhhp tUfpd;wJ.
ehpf;Fwth;
r%fj;jpy; fl;Lg;ghL kpf;f gy rl;lj;jpl;lq;fisf; nfhz;l gQ;rhaj;J Kiw
cs;sJ. vt;tsT nghpa gpur;ridnad;whYk;
Kbe;jtiu gQ;rhaj;jpNyNa Ngrpj; jPh;f;f Kaw;rp nra;fpd;wdh;. vy;yh tpjg; gpur;ridfSf;Fk; gQ;rhaj;jhh; $Wk;
jPh;g;Ng KbthdjhFk;. ehpf;Fwth;fSk;
gQ;rhaj;J vLf;Fk; KbTfSf;Ff; fl;Lg;gLfpd;wdh;.
mg;gb fl;Lg;glhjth;fis ehpf;Fwtr; r%fj;ij tpl;Lj; js;sp itf;fpd;wdh;.
2.16.
rthy;fs;:
·
Ntiy tha;g;Gf;F ,th;fs; jq;fis jahh;
gLj;jpf; nfhs;shjjhy; r%f tpNuhj nray;fspy;
·
r%fj;jpy; jho;j;jg;gl;l kw;w r%f kf;fNshL
,th;fs; cwT itj;Jf; nfhs;tjpy;iy. kw;w r%f kf;fshy; jPz;lj;jfhjth;fshff;
fUjg;gLfpd;wd;.
·
muR ,th;fSf;Fr; nra;Ak; tsh;r;rpj;
jp;l;lq;fs; gw;wpAk; $l ,th;fSf;F njhptjpy;iy.
cyf elg;G ehl;L elg;G vd;W vijg; gw;wpAk; mwpe;J nfhs;s Mh;tkpd;wp
cs;sdh;.
·
mopj;J tUk; tdg;gFjpfshy;> tdk; rhh;e;j
njhopy;fisj; njhlu ,ayh epiy ,th;fis NkYk; tWikapd; fil vy;iyf;F js;sp
tpLfpd;wJ.
·
,r; r%fj;jpy; 3% egHfNs fy;tpawT ngw;Ws;sdh;. epue;ju tUkhdkpd;ikAk; Fiwe;j tUkhdj;ijr;
rhpahd Kiwapy; gad;gLj;jf; $ba $WghL ,d;ikAk; ,th;fspilNa fhzg;gLtjhy; jq;fs;
Foe;ijfis Muk;gf;fy;tpg; gapyf;$l mDg;Gtjpy;iy.
,e;epiyapy; ehpf;Fwth;fspd; Foe;ijfs; r%fk;> nghUshjhuk; gw;wpa
tpopg;Gzh;Tk; ntspAyfk; gw;wpa nghJ mwpTk; ,y;yhkNy tsu Ntz;ba R+o;epiy
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
·
ehpf;Fwth;fSf;nfd;W fy;tpf;$lk; jq;Fk; trjp
Gj;jfk; Mil czT ,ytrkhf nrd;id> jpUr;rp> GJit Mfpa ,lq;fspy; cs;sJ. gps;isfis ,e;jf; $lq;fspy; Nrh;j;Jtpl;L gpwF
epiyaha;j; jq;fpg; gbf;ftplhky; kPz;Lk; jq;fspd; FbapUg;Gf;Nf mioj;J
te;JtpLfpd;wdh;. Rje;jpukhf ,Ue;j
,f;Foe;ijfs; fl;LghLs;s R+oiy ntWf;fpd;wdh;.
·
kw;w r%fj;jpdh; gbf;Fk; fy;tp epiyaq;fspy;
Fwth;fspd; Foe;ijfs; gbf;f Neh;e;jhy; gytpjkhd mtkhdg; Ngr;Rf;F ,th;fs;
Mshtjhy; Foe;ifs; gs;spf;Fr; nry;y kWf;fpd;wdh;. fy;tpawpT ,Ue;jhy; jhd; ,th;fSila tho;T
Kd;Ndw;wk; fhZk;.
·
HIV
/ AIDS ,r; r%fj;ij thfd Xl;bfspd; %ykhf
gutr;nra;Js;sJ. ,JTk; ,th;fSf;F xU kpfg;
nghpa rthy;.
2.17.
,th;fspd; Nfhhpf;iffs;:
·
goq;Fbapdh; gl;baypy; Nrh;f;f Ntz;Lk[5];.
·
“,e;jpa ,uhZtj;jpy; Nrur;
rYif ju Ntz;Lk;
·
epue;juf; FbapUg;Gfs;
·
,th;fspd; FbapUg;Gf;fSf;F mUfpy; fy;tpf;
$lk;
·
Ntiytha;g;ig Vw;gLj;jpj; jUjy;
·
rpWnjhopy; nra;af; flDjtp
·
gpw r%fj;jpd; jPz;lhik njhy;iyapd;wp
CUf;Fs;Ns kid kw;Wk; gl;lh toq;fpa kidapy; tPL fl;bj;jUjy;.
2.18.
,iwapay; Nfs;tpfs;:
1. tWik vg;nghOJNk Ml;bg;gilf;Fk; NghJ> r%f nghUshjhu
gbapy; ,th;fSf;F mbg;gil trjpfs; $l ,y;yhj NghJ> ,th;fspd; tho;T tsk; ngw
vt;thnwy;yhk;; ,th;fis Cf;Ftpj;J ey; kdpj eytho;Tf;F ,l;Lr; nry;y vt;thW ek;gpf;ifj; jUk; Kaw;r;rpfs; rhj;jpaf; $Wfs;
ahit?
2. gbg;Gf;fyhr;rhuk; ,y;yhj ,th;fSf;F njhopw;fy;tp
kw;Wk; ,th;fspd; Fyj; njhopy; Nghd;wtw;iw ,f;fhyr; R+oYf;F Vw;wthW khw;wp
mikg;gJld>; ,th;fSf;F Vw;wthW rpwg;G ftdk;jUk; fy;tpKiwfs; kw;Wk;
,aw;if tdg;gbg;G Nghd;w khw;Wf;
fy;tpfyhy; ,th;fspd; gbg;gwpT khw;Wk; tho;f;if epiy cau topfs; cz;lh?
3. fyhr;rhuk;> gz;ghL Nghd;wit kdpjUf;F ed;ik kl;LNk
nfhLg;gitahf ,Uf;f> ,e;j ehpf;Fwth; eilKiwg;gz;ghl;il vt;thW nkUNfw;wp
rPuikj;J> rpytw;iwf; fise;J ,th;fs; jw;NghJ vjph;nfhs;Sk; rthy;fs; kw;Wk;
jPz;lhik Nghd;w jPikfspypUe;J tpLgl;L rkj;Jt kdpj khz;G kpf;f>
tsh;r;rpaile;j> xUq;fpide;j tho;T tho J}z;Ljyhf cs;s topKiwfSf;F vt;thW
tpj;jplyhk;?
4. fyhr;rhuk; vd;w ngahpy; jPikfis epahag;gLj;jhky;
xt;nthU fyhr;rhuKk; Ra Nfs;tpf;F Ma;Tf;F jd;idNa cl;gLj;jp> kdpjk; vd;w nghJ
eydpy; ftdk; nfhz;L> kdpjj;ijr; rpijf;Fk; nray;ghLfisAk; fUj;jpay;fisAk;
fise;J Gj;njOr;rp r%fkhf khwj; jpwe;j kdg;Nghf;F topKiwfis tsh;j;njLf;f ,aYkh?
3. ehNlhb
,iwapay;:
gilg;gpd;
Jtf;fj;jpypUe;Nj flTs; khDlj;ijf; fhj;J te;Js;shH. gpwF mgpufhkpw;F MrpH toq;fp (njhE} 12:3>
17: 4 >5@18:18@ 22:18@ fyh 3:8@ vgp 11:8) tho;ehs; KOtJk; gadpf;f
miof;fpd;whH ahNt flTs;. ,J
ehNlhbfSf;fhf nfhLf;fg;gl;l thf;FWjpahfpd;wJ. topj;;jtwpath;fis ,iwtd; jd;dplk;
tu miof;fpd;whH (njhE} 12:3@ kj; 10: 6@ jpg 4: 10@ 13: 24 @ cNuh 1: 8> 16> 29@
fyh 3:8). ,e;j thf;Fj;jj;jjpd;
ce;Jjy;jhd; Mgpufhk; kw;Wk; mtuJ top kugpdiuAk; rpW FOf;fshf Gyk;ngauj; J}z;baJ. flTisNa ek;gp ,th;fs;
njhlq;fpa gazj;jpy; flTisNa thdf Mauhf> topfhl;bahf itj;J ,lj;jstpYk;
Md;kPfj; jsj;jpYk; Kd;Ndw;wk; fz;ldh;.
tpLjiyg; gazk;
kw;Wk; ghiytdg; gazk; ,];uNayh;fspd; Md;kPf tho;it vd;gpf;Fk; ,yf;fhf ehk;
fhzyhk; (njhl 47: 9> jpgh 39: 12>
119: 19> 54). ,];uNayhpd; ,yf;F
flTs; kl;Lk;jhd@; epyk; my;y. ,];uNayhpd; ,iltplhj gazk; XH Md;kPfg; gazk;.
,th;fs; xU epue;ju Md;kPf ehNlhbfs;.
ehNlhbfshfpa
,iwkf;fSf;F ,aw;ifapd; juj;jpYk; mwj;jpd; nrk;ikapYk; jhd; mikjp fhz;fpd;wdh;. flTs; kPJ nfhz;Ls;s ek;gpf;ifNa ,th;fisj;
jpUg;gazpfshf khw;wpaJ. tpLjiyg; gazk; xU murpay; tpLjiyia Nehf;fpa efh;T
my;y> khwhf mJ mth;fs; flTspd; kPJ
nfhz;Ls;s ek;gp;f;ifAk; fPo;gbjiyAk; Fwpf;fpwJ.
flTspd; mstw;w guhkhpg;igAk; Qhdj;ijAk; ,th;fs; czhe;jth;fsha; flTspd; thf;FWjpfSf;Fk; epakq;fSf;Fk;
fPo;gbe;Jf; flTis kl;Lk; Fwpf;Nfhshf itj;J efh;e;jdh;.
flTspd;
Mrph;thjq;fshf ,aw;if tsq;fisf; fUjpdh;. ,th;fspd; fP;o;gbjyhy; ,th;fSf;F
,t;tsq;fs; nfhLf;fg;gl;lJ. flTspd; rl;l epakq;fisf; filgpbf;Fk; xU rhl;rpa
r%fkhf miof;fg;gl;lth;fNs ,th;fs; (tpg20:2>22>;21 @ ,iz 1- 4> 5 :15>
24> 18@ Nytp 11:45@ 19: 33@ vz; 15:41). ,t;thW efh;j;jypd; topahf Ntw;wpdj;J
kf;fsp;lkpUe;J ,];uNaiyf; flTs; fhj;J te;Js;shh;.Nrhjpf;fg;gl;lNghJk; ehNlhb
Nka;g;G epiy topahf ,iwtd; kPl;ig ,k;kf;fSf;F toq;fp te;Js;sij Kjy; Vw;ghl;by;
ghh;f;fyhk; (njhE} 12: 10@ 15:13@ 20:2 @
26: 1@ 41: 1).
3.1
cld; gadpf;Fk; ,iwtd;:
ehNlhb
kf;fSf;F xU ehNlhb flTshff; $lhuj;jpy; flTs; FbapUe;jpUf;fpwhh; (Nytp 26:12@ 2 rhk; 7: 7). flTs;
,th;fNshL gazpj;jpUf;fpwhh; vd;gJ
kl;Lky;y flTs; vspjhf ,lk;tpl;L ,lk; ngah;e;Js;shh;. efh;tpd; flTshf ,aq;fp
te;jpUf;fpd;whh;. ehNlhbj; jdk; ,];uNaiy
flTNshL kl;Lk; gpbj;J itj;J kw;witNahL ,iza tpltpy;iy ( tpg 19: 4@ 33: 15>
16@ Nytp 20: 26 ). ek;gpf;if tho;thdJ Njjpfis itj;J vOjg;gLk; xU gazk;
,y;iy. mJ flTspd; ty;yik kpf;f
nray;fisAk; ,aw;ifapd; R+oy;fisAk; kl;Lk; efh;tpy; fhz;fpd;wJ.
“ehNlhbfshfj;
jphpgth;fs; vy;NyhUk; njhiye;J Nghtjpy;iy”[7]
vd;W rhh;y]; /gh];lH $Wfpwhh;. mth;
NkYk; ,t;thW $Wfpwhh;: “gazpg;gJ
kdpj kdjpd; mbg;gil mk;rkhFk;. ,ijj;
jLj;jhy; gy jPq;Ffs; te;jilAk; FbapUg;NghUf;Fk; ehNlhbfSf;FkpilNa Nkhjy;fs;
Vw;gl;Ls;sd. ahNt flTs; jpUg;gazk;
N;kw;nfhz;L Gyk; ngah;e;j kf;fsp;d; Njhs;fspy; Rkf;fg;gl;l ngl;bapy; gazpj;J
$lhuj;jpy; tzq;fg;gl;lth;.”[8] jpUg;gazk; vd;gJ ek;ik ehNk
Ghpe;J nfhs;s cjTfpd;w xU gazk;. mJ xU mbg;gil ed;ik. jpUg;gazk; xU Kuz;ghL:
FbapUg;NghUf;Fk; ehNlhbfSf;Fk; ,ilNa cs;sJ. jpUg;gazk; xU kDTU vLf;Fk; epfo;T : flTspd; rhaiyf; fle;J kdpjdhf
cUntLf;Fk; xU efHT. cz;ikia tp;l;L
tpyfp miytJk; ehNlhb tho;f;ifNa (ahf; 5:
19 20).
,NaR jd;idg gpd;gw;gw;w
tpUk;gpNahhplk; “ehpfSf;Fk;
gJq;Ff; FopfSk;> thdj;Jg; gwitfSf;Ff; $LfSk; cz;L khdp;l kfDf;Nfh jiy
rha;f;ff; $l ,lkpy;iy” (kj;
8:18-22) vd;whh;. ,t;thW ,NaRitg;
gpd;gw;WNthh; tho;tpd; md;whl NjitfisAk; Jwf;f jauhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;fpwhh;. gTybahUk;
(1 nfhhp 4>11) ew;nra;jpiag; gug;g ehNlhbahf miye;J jphpe;jhh;. rPlHfs;
kw;Wk; gTypd; ehNlhbj; jd;ik NtW ehpf;FwtHfspd; ehNlhbj; jd;ik NtW.
3.2
gz;ghL :
ehpf;Fwt
kf;fis tWik epiyapy; njhlh;e;J itj;jpUg;gJ mth;fsJ fyhr;rhuk; jhd; vd;why;
mth;fspd; fyhr;rhuj;ij Vd; khw;wpf; nfhs;s KbahJ? kdpjj;ij tho top nra;ahj
gz;ghl;Lg; Nghf;Ffis ehk; Nfs;tpf;F cl;gLj;JNthk;. jpUr;rigiag; nghUj;j kl;by; ,uz;lhk;
tj;jpf;fhd; rq;f VLfs; fyhr;rhuk; vd;why; ,ir eldk; ,yf;fpak; Nghd;w Nkw;fj;jpa
rpe;jidg;gb nghUs;$Wfpd;wJ. Ma;thsh;fs;
gz;ghL vd;W gof;ftof;fq;fisAk; mwpTjpuidAk; gbg;gpidfisAk; kdepiyapidAk;
rlq;FfisAk; jhd; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wdh;. gutyhf gz;ghL vd;why; kf;fspd; tho;if Kiw
vd;W $wyhk;. tho;ifKiw vd;why; kdpj
jhf;fj;jpd; tpisT@ r%fk; nrhe;jk; nfhz;lhLk; gof;f tof;fq;fs;@ tho;f;if Kiw
vd;why;
·
nghUl;fis gad;gLj;Jk; Kiw
·
ele;J nfhs;Sk; Kiw
·
Ngr;R tof;F
·
czUk; tpjk;
·
rpe;jpf;Fk; tpjk;
·
ek;Gk; tp\aq;fs;
·
nghUs; nfhs;Sk; tpjk;
·
kjpf;Fk; top Kiwfs;
·
milahsg; gLj;Jk; tpjk;
cyfpd;
midj;Jg; gz;ghl;L KiwfSk; ed;ikfisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. mNj rkak; rpy jPag; gof;f tof;fq;fisf;
nfhz;Ls;sJ. ,e;j jPa $Wfis itj;j ve;j xU
fyhr;rhuj;ijAk; ehk; xJf;fpj; js;sp tplKbahJ. vy;yhg; gz;ghLfSk; rpwg;Gf;fs;
epiwe;jit> FiwfSk; epiwe;jit.
kdpjh;fs; ehfhpfj;jpy; tsu tsu ghpzhk
tsh;r;rpAk; mile;J Kd;NdwpapUf;fpwhh;fs;.
kdpjj;ijf; fhf;Fk; ve;e XU tsh;r;rpAk; kdpjiu Kd;Ndw itj;jpUf;fpd;wJ.
kdpjj;ijr; rpijf;Fk; xt;nthU gbAk; kdpjiu gpd;dila itj;J ghpzhk tsh;r;rpapy;
jhkjg;gLj;jpapUf;fpd;wJ@ jilfisAk; Vw;gLj;jpapUf;fpd;wJ. ve;j xU gz;ghLk; kdpj tho;it Nghw;Wtjw;fhf
,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. Mf gz;ghL vd;why; kdpj
tho;it KOikahf tho ,l;Lr; nry;Yk; top vd;Wk; nrhy;yhk;.
3.3
,NaRTk; gz;ghLk; :
kdpjdhf
A+jg; guk;ghpaj;jpy; gpwe;j ,NaR gz;ghl;il kjpj;jhh@; mjd;gb tho;e;jhh;. jdJ
gbg;gpidfspd; thapyhf vjph; gz;ghl;il jd; rPlh;fSf;F fw;gpj;jhh;@ tho;e;Jk; fhl;bdhh;. jdJ nrhe;j gz;ghl;by;
cs;s kdpjj;ijf; $W Nghlf; $ba fUj;jpay;fisf; Nfs;tpf;F cl;gLj;jpdhh;.
ghpNrah;fspd; rlq;FKiwfis Nfs;tpf;F cl;gLj;jpdhh;. (kj; 12: 1-4@ khw; 7: 1-8 @ 14:15> 21 -23). flTspd; fl;lis midtUf;Fk; tho;T
nfhLg;gjhf> kdpj khz;igf; fhg;gjhf ,Uf;fpd;wJ. kdpj kuGfs; flTspd; fl;lisfisg; Gwf;fzpj;J
tpl;lhy; mitfs; xLf;FKiwfshf
cUntLf;fpd;wd.
,NaR xU
gz;ghl;by; gpwe;jpUe;jhYk; mjpYs;s midj;ijAk; mth; cah;j;jpg; gpbf;ftpy;iy.
ey;ytw;iw> kdpjj;ij fhf;Ffpd;wtw;iw mth; ghJfhj;jhh;. kdpjj;ij xLf;Fgtw;iw
iftpl;lhh;. Gjpa vOr;rpf; fyhr;rhuj;ij
ew;nra;jpahf mwptpj;J kf;fis mjd;gb tho mioj;jhh;. Mf> ,NaRtpd; NghjidfNs xU
gz;ghL: ew;nra;jpNa xU fyhr;rhuk;. jpUr;rig xU ,af;fk;. Mjyhy; ,e;j
fyhr;rhuj;ij fhf;Fk;> tsh;f;Fk; xU r%f ,af;fk;. ,NaR fyhr;rhuj;jpid jhq;fpg;
gpbf;Fk; xU gz;ghl;L ikak;. jpUr;rig ,iwkf;fshy;
Md xU ,iwapaf;fk;. kf;fspd; ey tho;itAk; epiyiaAk; fUj;jpy; nfhz;L ,aq;f
Ntz;Lk; vd;W ,iwr; rKjhatpay; topahf ehk; fw;Wf; nfhs;shk;.
kf;fisr; rk
chpikNahL tho gz;ghL cjt Ntz;Lk;. mg;gb
ngz;fs; vd;Wk; jho;e;j my;yJ jho;j;jg;gl;l rhjp vd;W nrhy;ypAk;> Ntw;wpdj;J
kf;fs; vd;Wk; Ntw;W kjj;ijr; rhh;e;th;fs; vd;Wk; gphptpid> kdpj chpik
kWg;G> ey tho;Tf;F ,l;Lr; nry;Yk; ghijfis milj;Jk; kdpjjd;ikia Ntw;Wik gLj;jp
fhl;Lk; rf;jpfs; epr;rakhf flTsplkpUe;J tu KbahJ. ,iwtd; tpUk;GtJ rkak; my;y> ,d thjk; my;y> Mzhjpf;fk; my;y> jpUr;rigia
Ms;Nthhpd; Mjpf;fk; my;y> gzf;fhuh;fspd; Mjpf;fk; my;y> rhjp ntwpgpbj;jth;fspd;
Mjpf;fk; my;y> jdpg;gl;l xU fyhr;rhuk; my;y> gbj;jth;fspd; gz;ghL
my;y> cyif MSk; Ml;rpahsh;fSk; my;y> jpwik tha;e;jth;fSk; my;y@ khwhf rf kdpjiu kdpjuhf kjpj;J> mth;fSld; jd;dplk; ,Ug;gijg; gfph;e;J
tho;tijNa tpUk;Gfpd;whH.
ngz;fis
xLf;Fk; gz;ghl;il ngz;zpa rpe;jthjpfs; Nfs;tpf;F cl;gLj;Jfpd;wdh;. rhjpapd;
Vw;wj;jho;Tg; gz;ghl;il xopf;f mk;Ngj;fhH> mNahjpjhrH Nghd;NwhH cioj;Js;sdH.
kdpjj;ij xLf;Fk; Kiwfis tpLjiy Gul;rpahsHfs; jfHj;Js;sdH. Mf> gz;ghl;Lr;
rPuopT vd;why; kdpjr; rPuopT jhd;.
gz;ghL vd;Wr; nrhy;ypf; fhyk; fhykhfg; gpwUf;F
mbikg; gl;L ,Ug;gJk;> gz;ghl;bw;Nf mbikaha; ,Ug;gJk; eytho;Tf;F ,l;Lr;
nry;tjpy;iy. ,iwapaypd; xl;L nkhj;j
rhuNk kdpjdhf kDTUthd flTspd; rhaypy; ,Uf;Fk; xt;nthU kdpjUk; kjpf;fg;glNtz;Lk;@ eykhf tho chpik fpilf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. xLf;FKiw ,d;wp kdpjH ,d;Gw;W tho top fpilf;f Ntz;Lk;. ghFghbd;wpg; gfph;e;J tho Ntz;Lk;. Gdpj
IhPdpa]; $WtJ Nghy; “,tw;wpd; topahf flTspd;
kfpikia ehk; fhz Ntz;Lk; vd;gJjhd”;.
,e;j chpikiag; ngw midj;J kf;fSk; xj;Jioj;jNy ew;nra;jpg;gzp> ,iwahl;rpapd;
gzp. eytho;Nt kdpjj;jpw;F mUl;rhjdk;>
tpLjiy > Md;kPfk;> mwnewp kw;Wk; ntspg;ghLk; MFk;.
3.4.
ehfhPfk; vJ?
ehk; thOk;
,f;fhyr; R+oypy; ehfhPfk; vd;W vijr; nrhy;yyhk;? czT> cil ,Ug;gp;lk; ghJfhg;G kl;Lk;
NghjhJ. cwTfSk; ,aw;ifAk; ekf;F ehfhpfkhf ,Uf;fNtz;Lk;. gytpjkhd ehNlhbj;jdj;ij ehk; ,f;fhyr; R+oypy;
fhzyhk; . ehpf;Fwth; Nghy; Ch; Cuhf
Rw;wp miytJ xUtifahd ehNlhbj;jdk;. nghpa rk;gsk; tsh;e;J> FbapUe;J>
,wf;Fk; epiyia ,f;fhyf; fl;lj;jpy; khdp;lk; re;jpj;Js;sJ. fhh;Nky; rig fd;dpah;fs; kw;Wk; klk; rhh;e;J
thOk; Jwtpfs; epiyahd thh;j;ijg;ghL vd;W nrhy;yp Xhplj;jpNyNa jq;fspd; tho;itf;
fopf;f Kd;tUfpd;wdh;. ,NaRrig cyfk; vj;jpirapYk; nrd;W ew;nra;jp gug;g ehd;fhk;
thh;j;ijghl;il nfhz;Ls;sJ. ,iwtid
Nehf;fpa ve;j xU gazKk; ehNlhbg; gazk; my;y@
mJ xU jpUg;gazkhfp tpLfpd;wJ.
xt;nthU rkaKk;
xt;nthU gz;ghl;il typAWj;Jfpd;wJ. ,];yhkpa rkak; flTSf;F mbg;gzpe;jpUe;J xOf;f
newpfisgw;wpAk; rNfhjuj;Jtj;ijg; gw;wpAk; NgRfpd;wJ. tpjitfspd; kWkzk; gw;wp rpwg;ghd epakq;fis
itj;Js;sJ. ,e;jpag; ghuk;ghpaKk; ,iwtid
,aw;ifapy; fz;L jd;Ds; thOk; ,iwtidg; Nghw;Wfpd;wJ. ,iwr; rhaiy jdf;Fs; czh;e;J
gpwiuAk; ,iw rhayhfg; fhzf; $ba xU gf;Ftj;ij tsh;j;Js;sJ.
mbj;jl;L
kf;fSk; jq;fspd; chpikf;fhf Nghuhb caph; jpahfk; nra;jth;fis cah;j;jpg;
gpbf;fpd;wdH. ey tho;T tho ,th;fNs top
tFj;jth;fs; vd;W nrhy;yp mk;Ngj;fhUk; ,aq;fp te;j Mjpf;f rhjpapdiu vjph;j;J
Gjpa gz;ghl;il nray;gLj;jpdhh;.
xLf;fg;gl;lth;fSf;F
ePjp Nfl;L Gjpa gz;ghl;il cUthf;f gy tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;l tPuh;fs; ,d;Wk;
caph;jpahfk; nra;fpd;wdh;. ,yj;jpd; mnkhpf;fh>
kw;Wk; ,e;jpah kl;Lky;y ,yq;if> ypgpah vfpg;J> mNugpah vd;W ,d;Wk; kdpjNeag;
gz;ghl;bw;F Vq;fpj; jtpg;Nghh; Vuhsk;. nja;tJ}\zk; vd;Dk; rl;lj;jhy; kdpj
chpikiag; ghpf;Fk; ghf;fp];jhDf;Fk; jpUg;gazk; Njit. ,dntwpahy;> kjntwpahy;
jpde;NjhWk; kf;fisf; nfhd;W Ftpf;Fk; Mg;fhdp];jhDf;Fk; ehNlhb tho;tpypUe;J
jpUg;gazk; Nkw; nfhs;s fhyk; ,JNt. jw;NghJ
mz;zh `]hNu ,e;jpahtpy; Coy; vd;Dk; gz;ghl;il xopf;f Nghuhb tUfpwhH.
%nthU
,iwtidAk; xU #j;jpuk; nfhLj;J ,Jjhd; flTs; ,g;gbg;gl;lth; > Ghpe;Jnfhs;s
Kbahjth; vd;W $wp tp;l KbahJ. ,J
KW;Wg;Gs;sp my;y> khwhf ,J xU njhlh; Gs;sp- xU tpe;ij! ,iwtd; xU FKfk.;
je;ij kfd; Jha Mtp vd;W ,Ue;jhYk; xNu flTshf ,Uf;fpwhh;. ,J xU gw;WWjp. xt;nthU gw;WWjpf;Fk; xU nghUSz;L.
fhyKk; mDgtKk; gz;ghLk; mg;nghUis toq;Ffpd;wd. %d;whs; xU ,iwtd tpUg;gk; kdpj
khz;G rkj;Jtk;> cyf mikjp> cz;ik> caph; fhg;G> ,aw;if tsk;>
gfph;jy; eytho;T kw;Wk; kjpg;G Mfpatw;iw
jpUtpt;tpypaj;jpYk; jpUr;rigapd; thapyhfTk; Gul;rp Fuy; nfhLg;Nghhpd; topahfTk;
nray;gl;L tUfpwhh;. khDlk; thoNt ,iwtd; tpUk;GfpwhH.
ve;j xU kdpjf; FWf;fPLk; ,y;yhfky; jhdhf
,ay;ghf ,Ug;gJ ,aw;ifapd; mkrk; .
tsh;r;rp vd;w ngahpy; ,aw;ifia Ruz;btpl;l khDlj;jpw;F ,aw;if jUk; jz;lid
,aw;ifr; rPw;wk; jhd; Mopg; Nguiy>
epyeLf;fk> vhpkiy> twl;rp G+kpapd; ntg;gk; mjpfhpj;jy;> XNrhd; gly
Xl;ilapy; Eioe;J tUk; Gw Cjh fjph;fshy;
Vw;gLk; Gw;WNeha;> Rthrpf;ff;$l Jha;ikapy;yhj fhw;W> jhfj;jpw;F mRj;jkhd jz;zPh;> mZTiy
fjph;tPr;R vd;W etPdj;jpd; gpd; tpisTfis ek;ik #o;eJs;sJ. tsh;r;rp Kd;Ndw;wk;
nrhFR khw;;wk; vd;w ngahpy; khDlk; jdfFj; Jd;gj;ij ngw;Wf; nfhz;l tpjq;fs;
,itfs;.
,aw;if khDlj;jpw;Fj; jug;gl;Ls;s xU cld;
gadp. ,aw;ifNahL gazpj;jNy ,f;fhyf;fl;lj;jpy; ,iwahl;rp. ,aw;ifiaf; flTshf;
kjpj;Jg; Nghw;wp ehk; tho;tJ mtrpak;. tho;itj; njhiyj;Jtpl;bUf;Fk;
khDlk; gpiof;f ,J mUspd; fhyk;. cs;nshsp ngw;W tpopg;GzHT milaNtz;ba jUdkpJ.
tPz; fdTfis tpl;L tpl;L nray;ghl;by; ,wq;FtJ kpf mtrpak;. nray;fs; jhd; ,g;NghJ
kpf mtrpak;. Ra eyj;ij tpl;nlhopj;J ,aw;ifiag; ghJfhf;f> Rje;jpukhf ,aq;f top
nra;a ,aw;ifg; gz;ghL ,d;W Njit.
rlq;F>
rk;gpujhak;> topghL> mUl;rhjdk; vd;W kl;Lk; Ngrp fhyk; efh;j;Jk;
jpUg;gzpahsh;fSk; xLf;FKiw tho;tpypUe;J cz;ikahd> kdpj tho;it Nghw;Wk;>
rkj;Jtk;> kdpj khz;G vd;Dk; mUl;rhjdq;fisAk;> md;G> kfpo;r;rp>
gfph;T> ey tho;T vd;Dk; topghLfisAk; gz;ghlhf nfhz;Ltu ciof;f top nra;a fl;lhak;
Vw;gl;Ls;sJ. ey tho;it Nehf;fpg; gazpf;f ,NaRtpd; topapy; nrd;wpLNthk;.
4.
·
ehpf;FwtHfis vLj;j vLg;gpy; fzpg;nghwp
fyhr;rhuj;jpw;F ,l;Lr;nry;y KbahJ. gbg;gbahfj; jhd; ,tHfis eytho;T topfSf;F
,l;Lr; nry;y KbAk;.
·
,tHfisg; ghpTld; Ghpe;J nfhz;L cld; gazpf;f
ey;Ys;sk; gilj;NjhH Njit
·
gpd; tUk; ,tHfspd; Nfhhpf;iffs; epiwNtw
,tHfspd; thhpak; topahf cjt gy mikg;Gfs; Kd; te;jhy; eyk; gaf;Fk;. muRk;> ey
thhpa mikg;GfSk;> jd;dhHtj; njhz;L epWtdq;fSk; fPo;fz;l ghpe;Jiufis nka;g;
gLj;jpdhy; tsHr;rp Vw;gLk;
·
goq;Fbapdh; gl;baypy; Nrh;f;fg;gl .
·
,e;jpa ,uhZtj;jpy; Nrur; rYif
·
epue;juf; FbapUg;Gfs; mikf;f cjtp
·
,th;fspd; FbapUg;Gf;fSf;F mUfpy; fy;tpf;
$lk; mikj;Jj; jug;gl
·
,tHfSf;F ,Uf;Fk; jpuikfSf;Nfw;g Ntiytha;g;ig
Vw;gLj;jpj; jug;gl cjTjy; kw;Wk; mjw;Nfw;w gbg;ig toq;Fjy;
·
rpWnjhopy; nra;af; flDjtp toq;Fjy;
·
gpw r%fj;jpd; jPz;lhik njhy;iyapd;wp
CUf;Fs;Ns kid kw;Wk; gl;lh toq;fpa kidapy; tPL fl;bj;jUjy;.
·
,th;fs; jahhpf;Fk; nghUl;fis tpdpNahfk;
nra;a ey;y re;ij cUthf;fpj;jUjy;
·
,tHfSf;nfd;W tpopg;GzHTj; jpl;lq;fs; Vw;ghL
nra;ag;gl;L mtw;iw epiwNtw;w muR top tFf;f
·
epiyahd tho;T thoj; Njitahd FbapUg;G
·
fy;tpapy; jha; nkhop kw;Wk; jq;fs; gz;ghl;L tof;Ffisg;
gad;gLj;Jjy;
·
,tHfspd; FuYf;F nrtpkLj;J kPsha;T Nkw;nfhs;sy;
·
kw;w ,lq;fspYs;s ehpf;FwtHfSf;fpilNa njhlHG
Vw;gLj;jp xd;wpizj;J xUq;fpizg;gJ
5. Jiz
epd;w E}y;fs;:
,uhrehahfk;>r. fhyq;fspy;> itfiw gjpg;gfk;>
jpz;Lf;fy;> 1992
Foe;ij>M. thf;hpfspd; tho;tpay;> gazp>
nrd;id> 2011
gj;kghujp> fu#H. ehpf;FwtH ,dtiutpay;> jkpopdp> nrd;id>
2004
gf;jtry ghujp. jkpofj;jpy;
ehNlhbfs;: rq;f fhyk; Kjy; rkfhyk; tiu> ty;ypdk;> GJr;Nrhp> 2003
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J. P. Studies on Vaagrivala,
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