capiuf;
Fbf;Fk; ciog;G
1 capiug;
gzak; itj;J
nrd;id tpkhd epiyaj;jpw;Ff; fpof;Nf 2 fpNyh
kPl;lH J}uj;jp;y; mike;Js;sJ jphpR+yk; vd;w efug; gQ;rhaj;J. ehd;F jpirfspYk; Fd;Wfisf; nfhz;l ,g;gFjpapy;
tho;NthH midtUk; FbNawpatHfs;. gQ;rk; gpiof;f jpUney;Ntyp kw;Wk;
jkpofj;jpd; njd;gFjpfspYUe;Jk;> jpUtz;zhkiy> tpOg;Guk; Nghd;w
gFjpfspypUe;Jk; te;J ,q;F jq;fspd; gpiog;igj; Njbf; nfhz;L tho;it efHj;JgtHfs;. mg;gbg;gl;l egHfs; jhd; ,q;F gUk;ghyhNdhH. ,tHfis
ikakhf itj;J vOe;j mDgtq;fisg; gjpT nra;fpNwd;.
rpWtajpNyNa
xU fz;ghHitia ,oe;jtH rthpak;khs;@ taJ
55. ,tUk; ,tuJ fztUk; ,ize;J jpdKk; fy;Fthhpf;Ff; fy; cilf;f, kw;Wk; fy;fis yhhpfspy;
epug;gTk; nry;YthHfs;. ,tHfSf;F ,uz;L kfd;fs; kw;W xU kfSk; cz;L. ,tHfs; jpdKk;
Ntiyf;Fr; nrd;W 8 kzp Neuk; fLikahd Ntiy nra;jhYk; ,tHfs; tho;tpy; tsik
xd;Wk; njd;gltpy;iy. FbapUg;gJ gj;Jf;F gj;J mb vd;w $iu tPL. mJTk; xU thlif
tPLjhd;. Nkl;by; mike;jpUf;Fk; mf;Fbir
tPl;By; trpj;J tUk; ,tHfSf;F jpdKk; fy;Yilj;jhy; jhd; tapw;Wf;Fr; NrhW. %j;j kfd; jq;fs; tPl;by; tpUe;jhspahf
te;jpUe;j jpUkzkhd jd; rpj;jp kfSld; nrd;W tpl;lhd;. ed;whf yhhp-Xl;LeH Ntiy ghHj;J rk;ghjpg;gij
ngw;NwhUf;F nfhLj;jjpy;iy. tPl;il
tpl;L Nghdtd; jpUk;gp tu MtNyhL fhj;jpUf;Fk; ngw;NwhH. ,isa kfd; ,g;NghJ ,sq;fisg; gl;lg;gbg;ig
Nkw;nfhz;Ls;shH. tpLKiw ehl;fspy; ,tUk;
ngw;NwhUld; NrHe;J fyf;Fthpf;Ff; fy;Yilf;fr; nry;YthH. filf;Fl;bahd kfs; ,sk;gps;is thjj;jhy;
ghjpf;fg;gl;ltH. me;jf; $iu tPNl ,tuJ cyfk;.
rkay; nra;tJ> Jzpj; Jitg;gJ kw;Wk; tPl;il fhty; fhj;Jf; nfhs;tJjhd;
,tuJ md;whl Ntiy. fy;FthhpapypUe;J tUk;
Jhrpf; fhw;W J}rpahy; tPl;il epug;Gk;.
fbd Ntiy nra;tjhy; rthpak;khs;; kw;Wk; mtuJ fzthpd; cly; nkype;J NrhHTw;W
gyfPdkhff; fhzg;gLk;. tho;Tf;F VNjh xU
rpW top nra;jhYk; fy;Fthpj; njhopy; ehsiltpy; capiuf; Fbf;fj; njhlq;FfpwJ. cliy rpijj;J capiug; gzak; itj;J cioj;J
XlhFk; epiy. cly; eyf; NfLfis tutiof;Fk;
,f;fy;Fthhpj; njhopy; er;Rj;jd;ik
tha;e;jjhf mikfpd;wJ.
Nkhpak;khs;>
taJ 50, fle;j 30 Mz;Lfshf
jphpR+yj;jpy; trpg;gtH. jhDk; jd; fztUk; fy;Fthhpapy; jpdKk; Ntiyf;Fr; nrd;W tho;itj; js;SfpwtHfs;. taJf;F mjpfkhd Njhw;wKs;s KJikia ,tHfsplk;
ghHf;fyhk;. fy;J}f;fp tisj;j KJF
fisg;gha; cs;s Njhw;wk;, tWikapd;
gpbAk;,
fbd Ntiyapd; gSTk; epiwe;j tho;it tho;e;J
nfhz;bUf;Fk; ,tHfSf;F xU kfDk; kfSk; cs;sdH. kfDf;Fj; jpUkzkhfp rpy khjq;fNs
MfpwJ. kfs; jpUkzkhfp kzKwpT ngw;wtH.
taJ 30 vd;whYk; mg;ngz;Zf;F 45taJ MdJ Nghy; KJikahd Njhw;wk;. tho;tpy; tpuf;jp mile;j epiyapy; Ntiyf;Fg;
Nghdhy; jhd; czT> ciwtplk; vd;W ,tHfs; ,f;fy;Fthpf;F
thf;fg;gl;lJ Nghy; ,e;j Ntiyf;Nf nry;fpd;wdH. rpwpJ rpwpjhf cliyr;
rpijf;Fk; ,e;j Ntiyf;Fj; jq;fisNa ifaspf;fpd;wdH. fy;Fthhpia Vyk; vLj;J gz
Kjiyfs; gzj;ijf; Nfhbf;fzf;fpy; ms;spf; nfhz;L Ngha; nrhFrhf tho;fpd;wtHfsplj;jpy;
jq;fs; capiuf; nfhLj;J gypahfpd;wdH ,e;j
mg;ghtp kf;fs;.
tWikapy; thbdhYk; ,k;kf;fs; ,f;fy;Fthhpia
tpl;L Nghd ghby;iiy. tho;itf; nfhQ;rk; nfhQ;rkhff; Fbf;Fk; ,e;jj; njhopypy; jq;fs;
cliy ,oe;J cly; eyj;ijAk; rpy Ntisfspy; capiuANk ,oe;J epw;Fk; ,tHfs; cly; eyf;
Nfl;Lf;F cs;shfp rpWJ rpWjhf jq;fs; tho;it ,of;fpd;wdH. jq;fspd; mbg;gilj; NjitfSf;fhf jq;fisNa
,of;Fk; tpNdhj tpjp. FbNeha; cwTr;rpf;fy;> Nghijg; gz;ghL> kd cisr;ry;, cly;eyf;Nfl;lhy;
tUk; gzneUf;fb, FLk;gr; rpijTfs;
njhlHe;J eilngWk; jw;nfhiyfs;,
nghUshjhu neUf;fb kw;Wk; gy ,d;dy;fSf;F ,tHfs; Mshfpd;;wdH.
Ntiyfpilj;jhYk; mjd; tpisT
Jd;gj;ijAk; NehiaAk; milfpwhHfs;. capHtho capiu ,of;f Ntz;bapUf;fpd;wJ. cliyg;ghJfhf;f tha;g;gpy;yhj epiyapy; clYf;Fk; capUf;FkpilNa Nghuhl;lk;. cliy tUj;Jtjhy; capiu ,of;Fk; epiy. ciog;G capiuf; Fbf;Fk; epiyapy; ,tHfs; ,g;gb
tpopg;GzzHT ngwhky; ,Ug;gJ kdpj khz;Gf;Ff; NfL tpistpf;Fk; epiyNa.
fy;Fthhpfspy; Ntiy nra;jy; vd;gJ rhjhuz nray; my;y. clk;ig itj;J
fbdkhf ciog;gtHfshy; kl;LNk
,t;Ntiyfisr; nra;a ,aYk;. ,f;fbd
ciog;ghy; ,tHfs; ngWk; $ypNah nrhw;gk;.
,t;Tiog;ghy; ,tHfs; ngUk; cly; eyf;Nfl;L;f;F cs;shf;fg; gLfpd;wdH. VNjh NtW topapy;yhky; ,q;F khl;bf;nfhz;ltHfs;
,t;NtiyiaNa ek;gpf; fhyj;ijf; fopf;fpd;wdH.
cly; ciog;ghy; NeHikahf kjpg;Gld; thOk;
,tHfs; jq;fSf;F kiwKfkhf Vw;gLk; cly;eyf;NfLfis mwpa Kw;gLtjpy;iy. mtw;iw
mwpe;jhYk; nghpjhf vLj;Jf; nfhs;tjpy;iy.
,tHfspd; epiyiag; ghHf;Fk; NghJ
,tHfisg; gw;wp mwpa vOk; Ma;Tf; Nfs;tpfs;.
1.1
Ma;Tf; Nfs;tpfs;
,tHfSf;F Vw;gLk; cly; eyf;NfLfs; ahit? rpwpJ rpwpjhf ,tHfisj;
jhf;Fk; Neha;fSk; mjd; tpisTfSk; vg;gbapUf;Fk;?
J}rpapYk;, rj;jj;jpYk; vg;NghJNk Ntiy nra;Ak; ,tHfis
,it vt;thW ghjpf;fpd;wd?
er;Rj; jd;ikAs;s ,lj;jpy; gzpGhpAk; ,tHfs; vt;thW
ghjpf;fg;gLfpd;whHfs;?
fy;Fthhpf;F mUfpNyNa trpf;Fk; ,tHfisf; fy;Fthhpapd;
khRj; jd;ik ,tHfspd; ,ay;G tho;it vt;thW ghjpf;fpwJ?
mbg;gilj;Njitfisf; $l epiwT nra;a Kbahj epiyapy; ,Uf;Fk;
,tHfs; tpspk;gpw;Fj; js;sg;gLk; mtyk; kdpj khz;ig vg;gbf; Fiyf;fpd;wJ?
2
Ma;thf
2.1
ahH ,e;jf; Fthhpj; njhopyhspfs;?
“fy;Fthhpfspy;
ntbitj;Jj; jfHf;fg;gl;l fw;fis rpW ry;ypfshf rk;gl;b> Rj;jpay; nfhz;L
cilj;Jr; NrHg;gtHfs;. cilf;fg;gl;l
fw;fis yhhpapy; epwg;gTk;,
kw;Wk; fy;Fthhpfspy; ghiw kiyfspy; ntb itj;J jfHf;fg;gl;l fUq;fw;fis Nrfhpj;J, msT ghHj;J mtw;iw NeHj;jpnra;J kw;Wk; ntt;NtW
msTfshfg; gphpj;J,
cilj;J mtw;iw ms;sp yhhpfspy; epug;GtJk; ,tHfsJ md;whl Ntiyahf mikfpd;wJ.
fbd ciog;ig Nkw;nfhs;Sk; ,tHfs; rKjhaj;jpy; kpfTk; gpd;jq;fpa epiyapy;
thOk; tpspk;g epiy kf;fs;”.[1]
gy;NtW CHfspypUe;J
Ntiyj;Njb ,lk;ngaHe;jtHfs>; gbg;gwpTf;F topapy;yhky; nrhe;j CHfspy; gpiof;f topapy;yhky;
,f;fy;FthhpfSf;Ff; fy; cilf;Fk; fbd
Ntiyf;Fr; nry;fpd;wdH. rpy Ntiyfspy;
nfhj;jbikfshfTk; gy Mz;Lfs; mbikg;gl;L chpikapoe;j epiyapy; jq;fsJ
md;whlj; Njitfisf; $l epiwT nra;a Kbahky; jj;jspj;J Nghfpd;wdH. jq;fspd; mty epiyia czHtjw;Fs;
Neha;tha;g;gl;L ,we;Jk; tpLfpd;wdH. fy;Yilj;jy; ntWk; cly; typikia kl;Lk;
ghjpg;gJ fpilahJ. gy;NtW Nfhzq;fspy;
,j;njhopy; kdpj tho;itf; Fj;jp Fiyj;Jr; rpijj;J tpLtij Ma;thsHfs; Muha;r;rpapy;
fz;LzHe;Js;sdH.
2.2
,aw;nghUs;NfLfs;
mjpf ntg;gk;
kw;Wk; Fspuhy; fy;Fthhpfspy; Ntiy nra;NthH mjpf NrhHTf;Fs;shf Ntz;baepiy. fy;Fthhpfs;
gs;sj;jpy; my;yJ kiyfs; Fd;Wfs; R+o;e;Js;s gFjpfshf ,Ug;git. Mifahy; mq;F ntg;gk; ntspNaWtjhw;Fk; FspHepiyapypUe;J
ntg;gkilaTk; tha;g;Gfs; kpff;FiwthfNt ,Uf;Fk;.
,jdhy; gy;NtW cly; eyf; NfLfs; cUntLf;Fk; tha;g;Gfs; cs;sd.
mjpf
ntg;gj;jpdhy; ntg;gr;NrhHT, ntg;gg;Gz;fs; , %is ghjpg;G, Njhypy;
Vw;gLk; ntg;g ntbg;Gfs;, mjpfr; NrhHthy; tUk; epiyj;jLkhw;wk;
kw;Wk; mjdhy; Vw;gLk; tpgj;Jf;fs; tpistJ cliy gythW thl;b tpLfpd;wJ. mjpff;Fsphpdhy; ghjq;fspy; ,uj;j Xl;lk;
,y;yhky; ciwe;J Ngha; nraypoe;J tpLtJk;
tof;fk;. cly; ntg;gKk; Fiwa mjpf
tha;g;Gs;sjhy; ,uj;j Xl;lj;ij ghjpg;gjhf mikfpd;wJ. “RkhH 100000 fy;Fthhpj; njhopyhsHfs; jkpo;ehl;bd; 12
khtl;lq;fspy; Ntiy nra;J tUfpd;wdh”[2];.
2.3 xsp
njhopyhsHfSf;F fy;Fthhpfspy; mjpfg;gbahd xsp ,Ug;gjhYk; rpy
Mokhd Fthhpfspy; kpff;Fiwthd msT xsp
,Ug;gjhYk; rpf;fy;fs; cUntLf;fpd;wd.
mjpf xsp fz;fisf; $rr; nra;tjhy; fz;ghHit kq;f tha;g;Gs;sJ. xsp Fiwthf ,Uf;Fk;NghJ fz;fSf;F mjpf
mOj;jKk;, typAk;
Vw;gl;L fz;fis ntFthf ghjpf;fpd;wd. Xsp
fz;fis VNjDk; xU topapy; ghjpf;Fk; NghJ
tpgj;Jf;fs; epfoTk; mjpf tha;g;Gfs; cs;sd.
,jdhy; ghHit ,og;gJ xUGwk;, Fiwthd ghHitahy; tUk; tpgj;Jf;fs; kWGwk;.
2.4 xyp
ghiwfis ntb itj;Jj; jfHg;gjhy; mjpfg;gbahd rj;jk; fhJfis nrtplhff;$l Mf;fptpLk;. ,e;jr;rj;jk; jw;fhypfkhfNth epue;jukhfNth
nrtpfisr; nraypof;fr; nra;a ty;yJ. ,e;j
khjphpahd xyp miyfs; ga czHTk; kaf;fKk; Ngr;irAk; $l nraypof;f itf;Fk; Mw;wy;
nfhz;lit. ehsiltpy; vhpr;rYk; NrhHTk; ,t;nthyp miyfshy;;
Vw;gLk; fhaq;fs; me;j miyfspd; neUf;fk; mlHj;jp;iag; nghWj;Nj mikAk;. xUrpyhpd;
krptpay;G jd;ikf;Nfw;wgb Nrjq;fSk; mit MokhfTk; tha;g;Gz;L;;.
2.5
mjpHTfs;
10 Kjy; 500
n`Hl;]; ,ilg;gl;lj; jilt mjpHTfs; fy;Yilf;Fk; fUtpfshy; Vw;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.
,e;j mjpHTfs; iffisAk; %l;Lf;fisAk;
ghjpf;fpd;wJ. ,e;j mjpHTfis rpy khjq;fNsh
my;yJ rpy tUlq;fNsh njhlHe;;J ngw;W
te;jjhy; ,uj;jf;Foha;fspy; czUk; rf;jp
mjpfkhfp tpuy;fis ghjpg;Gf;Fs;shf;fptpLk;.
,e;j mjpHTfshy; vYk;G %l;Lfspy;
fhak; Vw;gLtJld; Koq;if kw;Wk; Njhs;fisAk; mjpfkhf fhag;gLj;jp vYk;G NfhshWfis
Vw;gLj;Jk;. GwCjhf; fjpHfs; kw;Wk;
mZf;fspd; kpd;k ,og;ghYk; ngWtjpdhYk; Vw;gLk; fjpHtPr;R fz;fis
,d;dYf;Fs;shf;Ffpd;wd. kyl;Lj;jd;ik, ,uj;jg; Gw;W Neha; , Fiwthd tsHr;rp> kuGf; $Wfs; rhHe;j khw;wq;fs;, kw;Wk; ,wg;Gk; $l Vw;gLk;. ,f;fjpHtPr;rhy; ghjpf;fg;gLk; cWgGf;fspy; kpf
nkd;ikahdit vYk;G k[;i[ vd;gJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
2.6 ,urhadf; NfLfs;
vy;yhj;JiwfSNk ,urhadq;fisg; gad;gLj;Jfpd;wd. Gjpa Gjpa
,uhradq;fs; rpf;fyhd tpisTfisg; ngw;Wj; jUfpd;wd. ,urhadg; nghUs;fs; %d;W
tpjkhd tpisTfisf; nfhzHfpd;wd. Fwpg;gpl;l ,;lj;jpw;Fhpa nray;ghL, EfHtjhy;
kw;Wk; cl;nfhs;tjhy; Vw;gLk; tpisTfs;. ,e;j ,urhadq;fspd; R+oypy; vt;tsT fhyk;
xUtH cl;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;shH, ,urhazk;
ve;j mstpy; ,Ue;jd kw;Wk; mthpd; ghjpg;G cz;lhf;fg;gLfpw msitg;
nghWj;J jPa tpisTfs; cz;lhFk;.
“Fwpg;gpl;l
,lj;jpy; nray;ghL: ,urhadq;fs; Njhypy;
gLk;NghJ Gz;ntbg;G,mhpg;G, vhpr;ry; kw;Wk; mjdhy; Vw;gLk; Gw;WNeha;, Njhy; xt;thik kw;Wk; Njhiy ghjpf;Fk; my;yJ
Nrjg;gLj;Jk; epiyikAk; te;jilAk”[3];.
2.7 EfHtjhy;
2.7.1 J}rp
ntbnghUs; nfhz;L ghiwfis cilg;gjhYk; fw;fis cilg;gjhy; , miug;gjhy; fw;fis Vw;WtjhYk; ,wf;FtjhYk; J}rpj;Jfs;fs;
me;j Rw;Wr;#oypy; fhw;NwhL fye;J epug;gpapUf;fpd;w epiyapy; mq;Nf gzpahw;Wk;
njhopyhsHfspd; Rthrf; Foha;fisAk; EiuaPuy;fisAk; ntFthf ghjpf;fpd;wJ. 0.1 Kjy; 150 ikf;uhd; msT nfhz;l fy;J}rpfs>;
0.5 ikf;uhd; msTs;s J}rpj;Jfs;fs; Neubahf EiuaPuYf;Fs; Eioe;J mq;Nf jq;fptpLfpd;wd. “,jdhy; epA+NkhNfhdpNah]p]; ]pypNfh]p];
kw;Wk; me;juNfh]p]; Nghd;w EiuaPuy; Neha;fs; Vw;gLk”.[4];
2.7.2 thAf;fs;
er;R thAf;fshy; %r;R jpduy; kw;Wk; %r;rilg;G epfo;tJ rfIk;. fhHgd;
Nkhdhf;i]lhy; Mgj;Jfs; epfo;tJ ,j;jifa Fthhpfspy; nghpa rthy;
2.7.3 cNyhfq;fs;
gy;NtW er;Rj;jd;ikf; nfhz;l
cNyhfj; J}rpfs; fhw;NwhL fye;J Rthrf;Foha;fspy; Eiotjhy; gy;NtW jPa tpisTfisAk;
cly;eyf; NfLfisAk; Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wd.
ghjurk;> fhl;kpak; > Nfhghy;L , khq;fdPR>
gh];gu];>
FNuhkpak;> Jj;jehfk; Kjypa cNyhfq;fspd; J}rpj;Jfs;fs; jPq;F tpistpf;ff;$bait.
2.8 cl;nfhs;tjd; topahf
khRgbe;j
iffNshLk;> rhpahf iffisf; fOthky; czT cz;Ztjhy; er;Rj;jd;ikAs;s cNyhfq;fs;
czTld; fye;J nry;tjw;F tha;g;Gs;sJ. cl;nfhz;l er;Rg; nghUl;fs; ,uj;jj;jpy;
fye;J jPq;F tpistpf;Fk;.
2.9
caphpay; rhHe;j ghjpg;Gfs;
Neha; cz;lhff;
$ba Ez;Zaphpfshd ghf;Bhpah> itu]; kw;Wk; G+Q;irfs; Fthhpapy;; Ntiy nra;Nthiu
vspjpy; jhf;f KbAk;. nyg;Nlh];igNuhrp]; vdg;gLk; vypf;fha;r;ry;> Me;juhf;];, ff;Fthd; ,Uky; kw;Wk; gy Neha;fs; ,t;thW njhopyhsHfisj; jhf;Ffpd;wd.
2.10
fUtpfshy;
thfdk; kw;Wk;
fy; Vw;Wk; nghpaf; fUtpfshy; tpgj;Jf;fSk; tpghPjq;fSk; Vw;gLk; mghak;
cs;sJ. fy;Fthhpfspy; epfOk; RkhH 10% tpgj;Jf;fSf;F fUtpfNs fhuzkhf mikfpd;wd.
2.11 cstpay; hPjpahd ghjpg;Gf;fs;
ntWg;G, gjw;wk;, NrhHthd Ntiyapy; kdepiwT ,y;yhik, ghJfhg;gpd;ik, NrhHthd kdpj
cwTfs;> czHr;rp G+Htkhd gjw;wk; Nghd;wit clystpYk; kdjstpYk; ghjpg;Gf;fis Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wd. rpy rkaq;fspy; jq;fs; nrhe;j CHfis tpl;L NtW ,lq;fSf;Fr; nrd;W FbNawpg; gpiog;gjhy;
mtHfspd; fy;tp-gz;ghl;Lg; gpd;dzp> FLk;g tho;T> r%fg; gof;f tof;fq;fs;
Gjpa #oypy; khw;wj;jpw;fhd mOj;jq;fisg; ngWfpd;wd. cly;eyk; fPo;f;fz;l ,uz;L
tpj cstpay; $Wfshy; ghjpf;fg;glyhk;.
·
cstpay;
nray;ghl;L khw;wq;fis VwgLk; kd mOj;jk; , ntWg;G> jhf;Fk; ,ay;G> vjpHfhyj;ijg;gw;wpa
mr;r czHT> Nghijg; gof;fk; Nghd;wit
xUtif.
·
cly; kd hPjpahd
Neha;fs;> jiytyp, Njhs;;, fOj;J
kw;Wk; KJFg; gFjpfspy; typ, Fly;Gz;, caH
,uj;j mOj;jk;;,
,ja Neha; kw;Wk; JhpjKJik Nghd;witAk; xUtiu tpiuthf ghjpg;Gf;Fs;shfyhk;.
,aw;gpay;
kw;Wk; ,urhadj; jPikfis tpl cstpay; hPjpahf Vw;gLk; tpisTfs; Fthhpj;
njhopyhspfis ntFthf ghjpf;fpd;wJ. xsp>
xyp Vw;gLj;Jk; tpisTfs; xU njhopyhspapd; %isia mjpfk; ghjpf;fpd;wJ.
Bry; vQ;rpd;
gad;;ghL mjpfk; cs;sjhy; Fthhpfspy; Bry; Gifahy; EiuaPuy;; Gw;WNeha; Njhd;Wtw;F fhuzkhf
mikfpwJ. Mf;rpId; jl;Lg;ghl;lhy;
%r;rilg;Gk; Vw;gLk;.
vYk;Gfspd; rPH
eyf;NfLk; Fthhpj; njhopyhsHfspd; jirfisj; jhf;Fk; xU nfhba jPq;F. mjpf vilAs;s fw;fis ehs;NjhWk; J}f;fp
Rkg;gjdhy; ,tHfspd; jirfSk; vYk;GfSk; jsHr;rp milfpd;wd. vYk;Gfs; tise;Jk; jirfs; cUkhwpAk; ,ay;ghd
Kiwapy; nray;glhky; Nghfpd;wd.
,jdhy; clypd; ,ay;ghd mirTfSk; Rl ,of;f NehpLk;. ,ay;ghd ,af;fk; ,y;yhky; Ngha;r; nraypof;Fk;
epiyia cly; milfpd;wJ. clypd;
,r;nraypof;fk; caphpog;gpw;F ,l;Lr; nry;fpd;wJ.
2.12
fy;Fthhpapy; ngz;fspd; epiy
mikg;G rhuhj;
njhopyhsHfshf ,Uf;Fk; Fthhpj; njhopypy; ngz;fs; kpfTk; my;yy;gLfpd;wdH. ,tHfSf;F Ntiyg;ghJfhg;G vd;gJ fpilahJ. mjpfkhd
cly;eyf; Nfl;bw;F ,tHfs; ,t;Ntiyapd; topahf cl;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. ,jdhy; ,tHfs;
kyl;Lj; jd;ikia milaTk; tha;g;Gs;sJ. rhpahdg; ghJfhg;G ,y;yhjjhy; ghypay;
gyhj;fhuj;jpw;Fk; ,tHfs; MshfpwhHfs;.
ngz;fs; Fthhpfspd; Jg;GuT njhopyhsHfshf; fUjg;gLfpd;wdH. Fthhpj;
njhopw;rhiyapy; fhtyH kw;Wk; caH mjpfhhpfspd; njhy;iyfSf;F ,tHfs; ngUk;ghYk; MshfpwhHfs;. Fthhpfspy;
Jg;GuT njhopyhsHfs; vd;w NghjpYk; ,tHfs; ve;j tpjg;ghJfhg;Gkpd;wp Ntiyapy;
2.13
Foe;ijj; njhopyhsHfs;
Foe;ij njhopyhsH (jLg;G kw;Wk; xOq;FKiw) vd;w rl;lk; 1986
Foe;ijfis Fthhp kw;Wk; Ruq;fj; njhopypy;
; kdeyk;> mwnewp kw;Wk; r%f Nkk;ghl;L epiyfis
,oe;J $ypNtiyapy;
“,e;jpa
murpay; mikg;Gr; rl;lk; vz; 24 Foe;ijj; njhopyhsHfis jLf;fpd;wJ. njhopyhsH rl;lk; 1951 njhopw;rhiy rl;lk; 1954
kw;Wk; Ruq;fj; njhopy; rl;lk; 1952 Mfpait Foe;ijj; njhopyhsHfis td;ikahff;
fz;bf;fpd;wJ”.[5]
2.14
epWtdq;fSk; Ma;TfSk;
“njhopy;
hPjPahd cly;ey ghjpg;Gf;fisg; gw;wp gy;NtW epWtdq;fs; Ma;Tfs; Nkw;nfhz;Ls;sdH.
·
Njrpa
gzp rhHe;j MNuhf;fpa epWtdk;> mfkjhghj;
·
kj;jpaj;
njhopyhsH epWtdk;> Kk;ig
·
njhopy;
kw;Wk; Rw;W R+oy; MNuhf;fpa ikak;> nly;yp
fy;Fthhpj;
njhopypy; $yp Ntiy nra;Ak; njhopyhsHfs; vt;thnwy;yhk; cly; eyf;NfLfSf;F
cs;shfpd;whHfs; vd;gij mwptpay; G+Htkhf fz;Lgpbj;Js;shH. Njrpa gzp rhHe;j MNuhf;fpa epWtdj;jpy; kl;Lk;
270 mwptpay; epGzHfs; kw;Wk; 60 tpQ;Qhdpfis cs;slf;fp fy;Fthhp njhopypy;
,e;epWtdq;fs;
vy;yhk; $WtJ Fwpg;gpl;l R+oypy; nra;Ak; cly; ciog;ghy; me;j R+oy; jUk; jPik xU
gf;fk; ,Uf;f me;j njhopNy gy cly;eyf;NfLfis xUtUf;F ju ty;yJ. ,j;jifaj; jPq;ifg;gw;wp kf;fs; mwpa
Ntz;Lk;. tpopg;GzHT ngw Ntz;L;k; ,j;jPq;FfspypUe;J kf;fs; ghJfhf;fg;gl
Ntz;Lnkd;Wk; kf;fSk; jq;fisf; fhg;ghw;wpf; nfhs;s Kd;ndr;rhpf;if eltbf;iffisAk;
ghpe;Jiu nra;fpd;wd.
cly;eyr; rpf;fNyhL
kdeyr; rpf;fYk; ,ize;J tUk;NghJ mq;Nf fbdkhd #oy; cUntLf;fpd;wJ. cwTfspy;
rpf;fyhy; tUk; kd ,Wf;fk; jw;nfhiyf;Fk; ,l;Lr; nry;fpd;wJ. rpf;fyhd #oiktpdhy; rpy Ntisfspy; ghypay;
Kuz;ghLfSk; epfo;fpd;wJ. ntspg;gilahfj; njd;gLk; cly;eyk;> kdeyk;
Mfpatw;wpw;F Nky; fz;zhy; fhzKbahj rpf;fy;fshd> me;j];Jg; GidTfs;> kdpj khz;Gr; rpijTfs;
Nghd;witAk; ,tHfis fPo;kl;lj;jpw;Fj;
js;Stjhf mikfpd;wJ. Ntiy epiyahf ,Ue;jhYk; ,tHfspd; nghUshjhuk; epiyaw;wjhfNt
cs;sJ. ,jdhy; ,tHfs; ,e;jf; Fthhpj;
njhopiyNa njhlHe;J nra;fpd;wdH.
r%fj;jpy; me;j];jpy;yhj Ntiy> FLk;gj;jpy; rpf;fy; epyTk;
R+oy;> FOtpdUf;Fs;Ns gpsT>
xUq;fpizf;fg;glhj njhopyhsHfshf ,Ug;gjhy; KjyhspfsplkpUe;J tUk; mePjr; nray;fs;
,tHfspd; tho;it rpijg;gJ kl;Lky;y tho;itNa rpwpJ rpwpjhf mopf;fpd;wJ.
2.15
Ma;tpd; tpisthf vOk; ,iwapay; Nfs;tpfs;
·
rpwpJ rpwpjhfj; jq;fsJ capiuf;Fbf;Fk; ,e;jf;
fy;Yilf;Fk; njhopypy; ,tHfs; NtW topapy;yhky; js;sg;gl;bUf;Fk; R+oypy; ,tHfs;
jq;fs; tho;it Nkd;ik gLj;Jk; rhj;jpaf; $Wfs; ahit?
·
cly; eyj;ijg; gzak; itj;J thOk; ,tHfsJ
tho;it
·
jq;fisNa ,of;Fk; ,tHfs; jq;fs; Ntiyapd;
nfh^uj;ij czHe;J tpopg;GzHTld; Kd;ndr;rhpf;ifNahL ek;gpf;ifA+l;Lk; epiyf;F
jq;fsJ tho;it vt;thW ,l;Lr; nry;y KbAk;?
·
cly; ciog;gpy; ek;gpf;ifitf;Fk; ,tHfs;
khw;Wr; rpe;jidNahL khw;Wj; njhopypy;
·
ngz;fs; rpwhHfSk; ,f;fy;Yilf;Fk; njhopypy;
·
nra;Ak; njhopyhYk; Mw;Wk; gzpahYk; jPq;ifg;
gzpf; nfhilahf ngWk; ,tHfspd; tho;Tr; R+oy; khWtjw;fhd nray;ghLfs; vt;thW ,tHfis
,e;j tpspk;G epiy moptpypUe;J MNuhf;fpakhd tho;T kw;Wk; Ntiyr; R+oYf;Fk; ,tHfis
jpir topahf;fk; nra;Ak; ek;gpf;ifA+l;Lk; Nghf;Ffis; vd;dthf ,Uf;fKbAk;?
·
tho;T vd;Dk; nfhilia eykhf tho ,ayhJ
jq;fspd; khz;igapoe;;J jtpf;Fk; ,tHfis tpLtpj;J eytho;Tf;F mioj;Jr; nry;Yk;
topfisAk; tha;g;GfisAk; vt;thW tprhykhf;fTk; Jhpjkhf;fTk; fUtpfshf cs;sit vit?
3. ,iwnahspapy;
3.1
clYk; ciog;Gk;
ciog;G caHitj;jUk;
vd;gJ gz;ilaj; jkpo; $w;W.
ciog;gpy;yhky; kdpj tho;T tsk; ngWtjpy;iy. ciog;ig kdpj ePl;rpahff;
fUjyhk;. “ciof;f kdkpy;yhj vtUk; cz;zyhfhJ”
(2 njr 3:10)
vd;W gTybahH $WfpwhH. “jhq;fs; cz;Zk; czTf;fhf
ciof;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W Mz;ltH ,NaR fpwp];Jtpd; ngauhy; fl;lisapl;L mwpTWj;JfpNwhk”; (2
njr 3:12) vd;W gTybahH kPz;Lk; $WfpwhH.
ciog;G xUthpd; tho;tpd; Njitfis epiwT nra;a ty;yJ.
gyd; juhj ciog;G
xU mbikj;jdkhf khWfpd;wJ. fy;Fthhp kf;fSk; ciog;gpd; gyid mDgtpf;fhky; mtw;wpd;
NtjidfjisNa mDgtpf;fpd;wdH. ciog;ghy; cliy NgZk; epiykhwp ciog;Ng cly; eyj;ij
Ruz;Lk; epiy te;jilfpd;wJ. “cliy
tsHj;NjNd capH tsHj;NjNd” vd;w jpU%yhpd; tha;r;nrhy;Yf;F ,q;F mHj;jk; ,y;yhky;
Nghfpd;wJ.
rpy Ntiyfspy;
nfl;Lg;Nghd czit cz;gjhy; me;j czNt eQ;rhf khWtJNghy; newpapy;yhj ,e;j capH
Fbf;Fk; ciog;G> tho;itf; Fiyf;Fk; ciog;ghfptpLfpd;wJ. cliyf; fhf;f Ntz;ba
ciog;G cliy mopf;fpd;wJ.
gz;ila fpNuf;fHfs;
cly; Md;kh vd;W kdpjiu gphpj;Jg;ghHf;Fk; Nghf;F ,Ue;jJ. cliyj;
jho;thff; fUjp Md;khit caHj;jpg; gpbj;jdH. cly; mopTf;F vd;Wk; Md;kh moptpy;yhj tho;Tf;F
vd;wr; rpe;jidj; jhf;fk; NkNyhq;fpapUe;jJ.
,g;gb epidj;j fpNuf;fHfs; kj;jpapNyjhd; xypk;gpf;]; Nghl;b
Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ. cliy NgZk; $WfSk; ,tHfsplkpUe;J
cjpj;jd.
fpNuf;f
nka;apaypd; jhf;fk; jpUr;rigapy; njhlf;ffhyj;jpypUe;J ,Ue;J te;jd. ‘cly;
jPaJ -Md;kh J}aJ’ vd;w rpe;jidia jpUr;rigj;
je;ijaHfs; J}f;fpg; gpbj;jdH. ,e;jr;
rpe;jid jpUr;rigapd; Nfhl;ghLfSf;Fs;Sk; Eioe;J gy E}w;whz;Lfs;
Ml;rpnra;jpUf;fpd;wJ. Mhp[d;> eprh
fpuNfhhp> n[Nuhk; kw;Wk; mF];jpdhH MfpNahH ,f;nfhs;if;F tpj;jpl;ldH.
jpUtptpypaj;jpy;
khdpliu ‘Md;kh-cly;’
vdf; $W Nghlhky; KOikahfg; ghHf;Fk; Nghf;fpidf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. “mg;NghJ
Mz;ltuhfpa flTs; epyj;jpd; kz;zhy; kdpjid cUthf;fp mtd; ehrpfspy; capH %r;ir Cj kdpjd; capH
cs;std; Mdhd;” (njhE} 2:7). “flTs;
kdpjiu jd; rhaypYk; cz;lhf;FNthk;. mtHfs; fly; kPd;fisAk; thdj;Jg; gwitfisAk;
fhy;eilfisAk; kz;ZyF KOtijAk; epyj;jpy; CHtd ahtw;iwAk; Msl;Lk;”
(njhE}
1:26). MtpAk; clYk; ,ize;J nray;gLtJjhd;
kdpjk;. caphpd;wp clyhy; tho ,ayhJ. cly;
topahfj;jhd; Mtp nrayhw;w KbAk;.
,itapuz;LNk kdpj tho;tpd; KOikf; $Wfs;.
“clNy
kPl;gpd; %iyf;fy;”; vdf; $WfpwhH njhHJy;ypad;.
kDTU vLf;Fk; kiwAz;ikapy; thHj;ij kdTUthdhH vd;gJ cliyg;gw;wpa Gjpa ghHitia Kd;
itf;fpd;wJ. ,iwkfd; clnyLj;J ek;
tYtpd;ikapy; gq;Fnfhs;Sk; me;j mw;Gj epfo;T clypd; Nkz;ikia
typAUj;Jfpd;wJ. fhz ,ayhj flTis ,e;j
kDTUntLj;jypy; fz;L nfhz;bUf;fpd;Nwhk;.
,e;j clNy ,iwikia ntspg;gLj;Jk; Clfkhf mike;jJ. kDTUntLf;Fk; kiwAz;ikAk; capHnjOjy; vd;w
kiwAz;ikAk; cliy ikakhf itf;ff;$baJ
fpwp];j;jt ek;gpf;iffs;.
3.2
Kjy; Vw;ghL
tpLjiyg; gaz
E}ypy; ,];uhNayH vfpg;jpauhy; mbikg;gLj;jg;gl;L xLf;fg;gl;ldH. (tpg 9:14) mtHfspd;
vz;zpf;ifiag; ghHj;J gae;J mtHfs; ngUfp;lhjthW Rikahd Ntiyfis Rkj;jpdH.
vfpg;jpaH cly; ciog;igf; fbdkhf;fp ,];uNay; kf;fspd; tho;it Fiyj;J nfhLikg;gLj;jpdH. ,e;jf; fbdkhd tho;Tr; R+oypy; ,Ue;J ,k;kf;fis
,iwtd; jhNk NkhNr topahf tpLjiy tho;Tf;F mioj;J nry;fpwhH. ,iwtd; tpUk;GtJ kf;fs; ciog;ghy; mbikg;gl;Lfplg;gjy;y khwhf kdjpH
mf Rje;jpuj;JlDk; kfpo;rpAlDk;
jq;fs; khz;ig ,of;fhky; jq;fsp;d; tho;Tf; nfhilia MNuhf;fpkhf tho;tJ jhd;.
,e;j mbikj;jdj;jpypUe;j ghYk; NjDk;
nghopAk; cld;gbf;if ehlhd fhdhd; ehl;bw;F ,l;Lr; nry;fpwhH ahNt ,iwtd;.
,t;thW
mbikj;jdj;jpypUe;J tpLjiyf;F ,l;Lr; nry;Yk; NghJ ghiytdj;jpy; ghiwapypUe;J
jz;zPH je;J kf;fspd; jhfj;ij jdpj;jhH.
,uT Neuq;fspy; kd;dhitg; nghope;J (tpg 16: 4) ghiytdj;jpy; ,iwr;rpf;Ff; fhilfis czthff; nfhLj;jhH ahNt flTs;. ,t;thW flTs;jhNk kf;fis guhkhpf;Fk; je;ijahf
,Ue;Js;shH. kdpjH grp> jhfk;>
nfhLik> Mfpatw;why; mopa flTs; tpUk;Gtjpy;iy. kdpjH grp>
gl;bdp> jhfk; kw;Wk; gy ,d;dy;fSf;Ff; fhuzk; flTs; my;y khwhf kdpjhpd; gfpuh
kdg;ghq;Nf MFk;. tskhd ehl;Lf;Ff;
$l;bf;; nfhz;L NghFk; flTs;> kf;fspd; eykhd tho;itNt ikaf; fUj;jhfptpLfpd;whH. Kjy; Vw;ghl;by; gy;NtW fhy fl;lq;fspy; ahNt
flTs; jdJ mstpy;yhj guhkhpg;ig ,];uhNay; kf;fSf;Ff; fhl;bapUf;fpwhH.
3.3
,NaRtpd; Nghf;F
ew;nra;jpapy;
,NaR kf;fspd; eykhd tho;Tf;fhf gy
nray;ghLfspy; jd;id
3.4
gTybahhpd; $w;W
fpNuf;fr;
rpe;jidfis mjpfkhf gTypd; kly;fspy; ntspg;gLk;. fpNuf;f nkhopapy; NgrpdhYk;
vOjpdhYk; vgpNua kugpd;gb cliy kjpf;Fk; Nghf;fpid gTy; nfhz;bUe;jhH. cliy
MtpahdtH thOk; Nfhapyhf (1nfhhp 3:16) rpj;jhpf;fpwhH. flTis topgLk; fhuzkhf cly; tpsq;Ftjhf $WfpwhH. flTis ek; clypd; topahf kfpikg; gLj;j Ntz;Lk;
(1nfhhp 6:20) vd;Wk; jpUr;rigia
fpwp];Jtpd; clyhf (vNg 4:12) cUtfpf;Fk;
gTybahH cly; vd;gij fpwp];JNthL jpUKOf;fpNy ,iztijAk; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whH (1nfhhp
12:3). fpwp];JNt ,e;j clypd; jiy (nfhNyh1:18). fpwp];Jtpd; ,wg;ig ek;
clypy; Rkf;fpNwhk; (2nfhhp 4:10). vd;gJ fpwp];Jtpd; capHg;gpYk;
ehk; gq;F ngwg; NghfpNwhk; vd;Nw nghUs;gLk; (gpyp 3: 21). Mf
ek; cly;> capHg;G vd;Dk; kiwnghUspy; kfpik ngWk;. cly; ,Wjp ehspy; capH ngw;nwOk; vd;w epiwTfhy
ek;gpf;ifia fpwpj;jtHfs; kl;Lky;y n]huh\;bu (ghHrPa) rkaKk; ,JNghd;w
ek;gpf;ifia vLj;Jiuf;fpd;wJ.
3.5
rkj;Jt gypahd ew;fUiz
ew;fUiz vd;W nrhd;dhNy
epidT> gyp> jpahfk;> cilgLjy;> md;G> jd;idapoj;jy;> cwT>
cld;gbf;if> jpUtUl;rhjdk;> capH> cly;> ,uj;jk;> gpurd;dk;>
epfo;T vd;W gy nrhw;fs; ekf;F epidTf;F tUk;. ,NaR jd; capiuAk;> cliyAk;>
,uj;jj;ijAk; jfdg;gypahff; fy;thhp kiyapy; ,t;Tyfk; tho jd;id toq;fpa gypapd;
epidT ew;fUiz. ,e;j epidTf;$Wjiyj; jdJ ,Wjp ,uhTztpy; kuzrhrdkhf jk; rPlHfspd;
ghjq;fisf; fOtp mg;gj;ijAk; jpuhl;ir ,urj;ijAk; jd; clYk; ,uj;jKkhf epidT $w
jhNd nra;J fhl;b mijj; njlHe;J epfo;j;j
fl;lisapLfpwhH. fy;thhp kiyapy; epfo;e;j me;jg; gyp ,d;Wk; fy;Fthhpfspy;
epfo;e;J nfhz;L jhd; ,Uf;fpd;wd. ,NaR jk; cliy gpwH tho gypahfj; je;jJ Nghy
,f;fy;Fthhpj; njhopyhsHfSk; jq;fsJ cliy rpijj;J gpwH tho jq;fis ,of;fpd;wdH.
,tHfSk; ,NaRitg; Nghy jpahfj;jpd; nrk;ky;fsh? njhpe;J nra;tJ jpahfk;@ njhpahky;
Ruz;lg;gLtJ khz;gw;w r%fj; jPik vd;Nw nrhy;yyhk;. jpUtUl;rhjdk; kdpjiu mUSf;F
,l;Lr; nry;Yk;. Mdhy; ,tHfspd; ciog;Ngh ,tHfis ,USf;F ,l;Lr;nry;fpwJ. ew;fUiz
rkj;Jtj;ijAk; kdpj khz;igAk; typAWj;JtJ Nghy; Fthhpj; njhopyhsHfspd; kdpj
khz;Gk; rkj;JtKk; typAWj;jg;gLtNj ,tHfspd; tho;tpy; J}a ew;fUizj;
jpUtUl;rhjdkhFk;.
3.6
khDltpay; nry;Yk; rf kdpjr; #j;jpuk;
khDltpay; ghHitapy;
,f;Fthhpj; njhopyhsHfisf; fhZk; NghJ ,tHfspd; epiyAk; r%f me;j];Jk; ,tHfis rf
kdpjHfshf ,r;r%fk; elj;jhjJ Nghy;
Njhd;WfpwJ. khDltpay; J}f;fpg;gpbf;Fk; rf kdpj khz;ig ,tHfSf;F ,r;r%fKk;>
gz;ghLk>; r%f mikg;GNk toq;fhky;
r%ftpay; cstpay; kw;Wk; khDltpay; fz;Nzhl;lj;jpy; ,k;kdpjHfs; rf kdpj
tho;T tho tho;thjhuk; ,y;yhj epiyapy; mfg;gl;bUf;fpd;wdH vd;gJ Gydhfpd;wJ. khDl
tho;tpd; #oy;> gz;ghL> Nkk;ghL Nghd;wtw;iw fzf;fpy; Nfhs;Sk; khDltpay;
Neha; tpistpf;Fk; J}rpAk; Mgj;Jk; epiwe;j #oypy; cliyr; rpijj;J capiu rpwpJ
rpwpjhf ,oe;J kdpj Neaj;ij ,of;Fk; ,tHfSf;F khDltpay; $Wk; ghlk; vd;d? rl;lk;> xOq;F> epajp> rkj;Jtk;>
eytho;T> kdpj tho;tpd; fl;likg;G kw;Wk; $Wfs; Mfpatw;iwg; gw;wp NgRk;
khDltpay; ,tHfisAk; cs;slf;fpj; jhd; NgRfpd;wJ@ ,tHfisAk; rf kdpjHfshfj;jhd;
ghHf;fpd;wJ vd;gjpy; ve;jtpj re;NjfKk; ,y;iy.
3.7
khDlk; fhf;Fk; fpwpj;jt khDltpay;
,iwtd; kdpjiuj;
jk; rhaypy; jiyahdg; gilg;ghfg; gilj;jpUf;fpwhH@ ,jdhy; midtUk; rkk;. kdpjH
,iwtdhy; rpwg;ghfg; gukhpf;fgLgtH vd;Wk; ,aw;ifapd; gzpahs; vd;Wk; $WfpwJ.
kdpjH ghtj;jpy; tpo ,NaR fpwp];Jthy; kPl;fg;gLfpd;wdH. ,NaRtpd; kDTUntLj;jy;
,e;j khDlj;ij Nkd;ikf;Fs;shf;fpaJ. cly; Md;kh vd;fpw fl;likg;Gf;Fs; kdpjk;
KOikailfpd;wJ. ,NaR fpwp];Jtpd; capHg;Gk; cliy kfpikg;gLj;jpAs;sJ. capHg;G
ehspy; khdplH midtUk; clYld; vOg;gg;gLtH vd;gJk; epiwTfhy ek;gpf;ifahf cs;sJ.
rkj;Jtk;> Mz; ngz; rkepiy> ve;jg; ghFghby;yh khDlk; vd;gJ fpwpj;jt khDltpaypy;
typAWj;jg;gLfpd;wd. fy;Fthhpj; njhopyhsHfspd; epiyf;F rkjJt rkThpikNa rpwe;j
gjpypUg;ghf mikAk;.
3.8 ,iwthf;fpdH vq;Nf?
,iwthf;fpdH
,iwj;jpl;lj;ij kdpj khz;ghf mwptpj;jdH@ mePjpiaj; jl;bf;Nfl;ldH>
cld;gbf;ifiaf; fl;bnaOg;gp kWfl;likg;G nra;jdH> jPtpukhfr; nrayhw;wpdH.
,iwj;jpl;lkhfpa ey tho;Tf;Fj; jilahf ,Ug;git midj;ijAk; fz;ldk; nra;jdH(MNk]
;5:24@ 6:7@ 8:11-12 vNukpah5:26-29@ 27:8@ 32:1-5 vrh 1:13-17@ 10:1-4@ 11:1@
40-43 ). kdpjiu mopf;Fk; nray;ghLfisf;
fz;L ntFz;nlOe;jdH. fy;Fthhp njhopyhsHfspd; epiyAk; kWfl;likg;G nra;aNtz;bapUf;fpd;wJ.
Fiwthdf; $ypf;F epiwthdj; jPq;if ,ytrkhfg; ngWk; ,tHfisf; fhg;ghw;w ,d;W
,iwthf;fpdHfs; cjpf;f Ntz;Lk;. jPikiar; Rl;bf; fhl;b mijf; fz;ldk; nra;J
fOkuj;jpy; Vw;w ,d;W ,iwthf;fpdHfspd; tPujPu Kof;fq;fs; Njit. ,iwthf;fpdHfspd; nray;fs; jpUtptpypaj;jpy;
Kbe;J Nghd xd;wy;y@ mit ,d;Wk; njhlug;gl Ntz;ba xd;W.
3.9
Gj;njhsp: ,d;iwa ,iwthf;fpdH
jpz;Lf;fy;iy
rhHe;j jpU.Qhdkzp (55) vd;gtH fy;Fthhpj; njhopyhsH FLk;gj;jpy; gpwe;jtH.
fj;Njhypf;f mUl;gzpahsHfshy; elj;jg;gLk; gs;spapy; gbj;jtH. md;G> fdpT
Nghd;wg; gz;Gfisg; gw;wp ,tH gs;sp ehl;fspy; gbj;jpUf;fpwhH. rkj;Jt rKjha
,af;fj;jpy; NrHe;J Fthhpj; njhopyhsHfspd; eyd;fSf;fhfg; ghLgl KbT nra;jhH. fy;
Fthhpj; njhopyhsHfspd; fbd ciog;gpd;wp tPLfNsh> khspiffNsh> ghyq;fNsh>
Nkk;ghyq;fNsh> njhopw;rhiyfNsh> mYtyq;fNsh> ePjpkd;wq;fNsh>
NfhtpNyh> mjDs; cs;s flTNsh ,Uf;f KbahJ vd;Wf; $WfpwhH. ,tH Fthhpj;
njhopyhsH eytho;T rq;fk; vd;w muR rhu epWtdj;ij epWtp Fthhpj; njhopyhsHfspd;
xUq;fpize;j tho;Tf;fhf cioj;J tUfpwhH.
Fthhpj; njhopyhsH eytho;T rq;fj;jpd; Nehf;F:
“ePjpAs;s
r%f epiyia rkkhd nghUshjhu> murpay;> r%f> gz;ghl;L #o;epiyapy;
vy;NyhUf;Fk; fy;tp kw;Wk; midj;J ciof;Fk; kf;fSk; kdpj khz;Gld; tho NtzLk;
vd;gJ”.
KONeuf;
fy;tpapd; topahf ,f;Fthhpj; njhopyhsHfisr; rq;fq;fspy; xUq;fpizj;J nrayhw;wy;
ngwr; nra;tJ ,e;epWtdj;jpd; Nghf;fhf ,Uf;fpwJ.
gzpfs;:
·
jkpo;ehl;by;; Fthhpj; njhopyhsHfis
xUq;fpizg;gJ.
·
rpwe;jj; jiytHfisAk; tpUg;gg;gzpahsHfisAk;
cUthf;FtJ.
·
fy; Fthhpfspy; njhopyhsH chpikfis
epiyehl;LtJ.
·
ngz; njhopyhsHfis xUq;fpizg;gJ.
·
Fthhpfspd; epiyikfis Ma;T nra;J mtw;iw
Mtzq;dshfg; gjpT nra;tJ.
·
Fthhpfspy; tpgj;jpy; ghjpf;fg;gLNthUf;F
rhpahd ,og;gPl;Lj; njhif fpilf;f top nra;tJ.
·
Fthhpj; njhopyhsHspd; Foe;ijfspd; KO
tsHr;rpf;fhf trjp nra;tJ.
·
njhopyhsHfSf;F Ntiyg; ghJfhg;Gk; r%fg;
ghJfhg;Gk; mjpfg;gLj;jg;gl nrayhw;WtJ.
·
Fthhpj; njhopyhsHspd; Foe;ijfSf;F KO Neuf;
fy;tpia cWjp nra;jy;.
·
Fthhpj; njhopyhsHfspd; cly; eyj;ij
Nkk;gLj;JtJ.
,e;epWtdk;
jkpo;ehl;by;; 12 khtl;lq;fspy; rpwg;ghf nrayhw;wp tUfpd;wJ. ,e;epWtdk; 39 KO
Neug; gzpahsHfisAk; 62 tpUg;gg;gzpahsHfisAk; nfhzL ,aq;fp tUfpd;wJ. 43 rpWf;
FOf;fis mikj;J RkhH 100 tof;Ffisj; jPHj;J itj;Js;sJ. gs;spg; gbg;gpy;
,ilepWj;jk; nra;ag;gl;l 52 rpwhHfis kPz;Lk;
gs;spapy; NrHj;Js;sJ. 161 rpwhHfis cz;L- ciwtplg; gs;spfspy; gapw;Wtpf;fpd;wJ.
3.10 xLf;Fk; cyfkakhf;fy;
,d;iwa cyfkakhf;fy; vd;wg; gz;ghl;by; clikfisg;
gfpHtpd;wpf; Ftpf;Fk; kdg;Nghq;F epyTfpd;wJ. ,NaR > nry;tj;jpw;Fk; flTSf;Fk;
gzpGhpa KbahJ vd;W $WfpwhH (kj; 6:24). nry;tj;jpd; epiyaw;wj; jd;ikia
czHe;jtuha; Njitahdtw;iwj; Njitf;Nfw;wthW gad;gLj;Jk; kdg;ghd;ik kdpj khd;ig
tsHg;gjhf mikfpd;wJ. mdhij> me;epaH> vspNahH> tpjitfs; (tpg 22:21-24)
MfpnahUf;fhdf; fhprid ,];uhNay; kf;fsplk; ,Uf;f ahNt flTs; mwpTWj;Jfpd;whH.
,d;W msTf;F kPwpa nrhj;J Ftpf;Fk; gz;ghLk;> Njitf;F Nky; nghUl;fisr; NrHj;J
itj;J rf kdpjUf;F cjthj epiyia fhz;fpd;Nwhk;. ,J kdpjg; gz;ghL MfhJ. gfpHNt
ey;kdpjg; gz;ghl;bd; tsHr;rp.
3.11 jpUr;rigapd; rl;lq;fs; kw;Wk;
Nfhl;ghLfs;
jpUr;rigapd;
rl;lq;fs midj;Jk; kdpj khz;igf; fhg;gjhfTk; Md;khf;fspd; kPl;ig Nehf;fkhfTk;
mikfpd;wJ. mePjp> mbikj;jdk;> kdpj khd;ig rPHFiyg;gJ> capH thjid
(jpUr;rigapd; rl;l vz;fs; 1041> 1211> 1324> 1397> 1452) cliyr;
rpijg;gJ> twpNahuhf;Fjy; Mfpait jpUr;rigapd; rl;l xOq;FfSf;Fg; Gwk;ghdit. jpUr;rigr;
rl;lj; njhFg;G jpUr;rig vd;w epWtdj;ijf; fl;bf; fhf;f Vw;gLj;jg;gl;l xd;W vd;W
ehk; $wptpl KbahJ. flTs; kdpjuhdhH vd;w kiwAz;ikf;F rhd;W gfHtNj
,j;jpUr;rigapDila flikAk; jiyahdg; gzpAkhf cs;sJ. me;j ,iw epfo;tpd;
njhlHr;rpahf ,j;jpUl;rig ,iwahl;rpapd; tpOkpaq;fSf;F cUnfhLj;J mUl;rhjdq;fspd;
thapyhf tsg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ.
kf;fis xLf;Fk; mikg;GfisAk;
rf;jpfisAk; vjpHj;J kf;fspd; #oikTf;F Vw;g fpwpj;Jtpd; kPl;Gr; nraiyg;
nghUshf;fk; nra;tJld; me;je;j #oYf;F Vw;wthW ew;nra;jpapd; gbg;gpidfis
kWthrpg;G nra;J Jd;gg;gLk; khDlj;ij fhf;fTk; Nkk;gLj;jTk; jpUr;rigahdJ Kaw;rpf;fpd;wJ.
fpwpj;J jUk; kPl;G vy;yh kf;fSf;Fk; chpaJ vd;W nrhd;dhy; vy;yh kf;fSk; ,d;Gw;W
tho;tNj ,iwahl;rp. fpwpj;J jUk; kPl;G ntWk; Md;k MWjy; kl;Lky;y@
epiyf;Fiye;NjhUk; epiytho;T ngWtjpy; jhd; fpwpj;Jtpd; kPl;G epfo;T Koikailfpd;wJ.
fpwpj;J njhlq;fpa ,e;j epfo;Tf;F kdpj xj;Jiog;G md;id khpahs; topahf
Njitg;gl;lJ. Mifahy; jhd; jpUr;rigahdJ md;id khpahis caHj;jpg;gpbj;J fpwpj;jt
tho;tpw;F Kd;khjphpahf itf;fpd;wJ. me;j md;id tpLjiy tho;tpw;Fk; xU MzpNtuhf
,Uf;fpwhH. fy; Fthhp njhopyhsHfspd; kPl;G xU Md;kPfr; rlq;fhfNth> gf;jp
Kaw;rpfshfNth ek;gpf;iff; Nfhl;ghl;bw;Fs; mlf;fptpl KbahJ. eytho;tpw;fhd ek;gpf;iff;
$Wfshd cly;-cs;seyNk ,tHfSf;F ew;nra;jpahf mikAk;.
Fthhpj; njhopyhsHfspd; eyd;fisf; fUj;jpy; nfhz;L mtHfspd;
Nkk;ghl;bw;fhff; fPo;f;fz;l topKiwfis eilKiwg; gLj;JtJ mtHfspd; tho;tpy;
tsikiaf; nfhz;LtUtjhf mikAk;.
·
XUq;fpizf;f;g;glhjj; njhopyhsHfSf;fhfTk; mtHfspd;
chpikfSf;fhfTk; cioj;jpLk; eythhpak; $l;likg;G rq;fq;fspd; topahf ,ize;J ,e;j kf;fspd; xUq;fpize;j Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;fhf
ciof;f Nghuhl ghLgLtJ.
·
,J Nghd;W kw;w jPq;fpiof;Fk; njhopypy;
,Ug;NghUf;Fk; tpspg;GzHtk; ,tHfspd; tho;T Nkk;gl top nra;J
khw;Wj; njhopYf;F toptFf;Fk; nray;fis Jhpjg;gLj;JtJ.
·
,f;Fthhpfspy; Ntiy nra;NthUf;F cjtpahf mtHfSf;F
Vw;w tho;Thpik trjpfisAk; khz;Gld; tho Njitahf ,Uf;Fk;; nray;fspy; cjTjy;.
·
cly; eyk;> fy;tp> Nghjpa Cjpak;>
ghJfhg;G vjpHfhyj; Njitfs; Nghd;witfis ,tHfSk; ,tHfspd; FLk;gq;fSk; ngw
NghwhLtJ.
·
tho;tpd; tpspk;gpy;eRf;fg;gLk; ,tHfSfF
nra;ag;gLk;;;;;;;;;;;;;; mePjr; nray;fis vjHj;J rl;l cjtpAk; ,tHfSf;F
Njit. mtw;iw ,tHfSf;F toq;f Kw;gLtJ.
·
rf kdpjiu Nghy; vy;yh eyd;fis ngw;W tho
rpwg;ghf nghUshjhuj;jpYk; r%f rk chpikfspYk; ,tHfs; caHT ngw muR mspf;Fk;
rYiffis ,tHfSf;Fg; ngw;Wj; jUtJld; ,tHfspd; epiyia muRk; kf;fSk; mwpa ,tHfisg;
gw;wpa nra;jpfisAk; tho;tpay; Nghf;FfisAk; Clfq;fs; topahf mwptpg;gJ.
·
Ra cjtpf; FOf;fspd; thapyhfTk; muR
epWtdq;fs; thapyhfTk; ,tHfSf;F xUq;fpize;J khiy Neuf;fy;tp> nrhe;jkhfj;
njhopy; Mukpf;f tha;g;Gfs;> flDjtp kw;Wk; njhopy; nra;a gapw;rp kw;Wk;
Gj;njOr;rpAk; ek;gpf;ifAk; tsu Kfhk; elj;Jjy;.
·
,tHfSf;F kUj;Jt cjtpGhpa kUj;JtKfhk; elj;jp
clyeyj;ij Nrhjpj;J Vw;gl;l Rfkpd;ikf;Ff; Fzk;fpilf;f top tFg;gJ.
·
kd eyj;ijr; rPH nra;Ak; tpjj;jpy;
Mw;Wg;gLj;JjYk; cstpay; hPjpahf cjtp ngwTk; Kfhk;fs; elj;Jjy;.
·
r%fg;ghJfhg;Gk;
kw;Wk; Ntiyg; ghJfhg;Gk; ngw toptFg;gJ.
·
rkj;Jt
rKjha ,af;fk; kw;Wk; Fthhpj; njhopyhsHfs; eytho;T mikg;GfNshL ,ize;J
nghUshjhu> murpay;> r%f gz;ghl;L hPjpahf ePjpAs;s epiyapy; kdpj khz;Gs;stHfshf tho top nra;Ak;
tpjj;jpy; Fthhpj;njhopyhshHfis xd;W NrHj;J mtHfspd; tho;Thpikf;fhf
tpopg;GzHTld; NghuhLtJ ,tHfSf;F eytho;it toq;Fk; vd;gjpy; Iakpy;iy.
·
,j;njhopiyNa
khz;Gld; nra;a ,tHfSf;F mikg;G hPjpahd cjtpfs; nra;jy;.
·
mbg;gilj;
Njitfis epiwT nra;Ak; tpjj;jpy; eykhd #oypy; MNuhf;fpakhd tho Kaw;rp vLg;gJ.
·
,tHfs;
rhpahd $ypiag; ngw ,af;fq;fs; topahf fz;fhzpg;gJ.
·
tpgj;J>
,wg;G> Fthhp Ntiynra;tjhy; Vw;gLk; ghjpg;Gf;fSf;Fk; Neha;fSf;Fk; Qhakhd
,og;gPL ,tHfSf;Ff; fpilf;f top tFg;gJ.
·
Ntiyahs;
chpikfis epiyehl;lTk;> ngz; njhopyhsHfSf;Fg; ghJfhg;G toq;fTk;> ,tHfspd;
Foe;ijfSf;F Kiwahdf; fy;tp fw;Fk; tha;g;ig Vw;gLj;JtJk; ,tHfspd; tho;tpy;
Mf;fg;G+Htkhd FWf;fPLfshf mikAk;.
Jizepd;w E}y;fs;
Mde;j;>
kJiu. cile;J cUnfhLf;f> ew;fUiz
,iwapay;> ,ja ,iwapwy; ntspaPL> nrd;id> 2000
,uhrehahfk;>r.
fhyq;fspy;> itfiw gjpg;gfk;>
jpz;Lf;fy;> 1992
Rg;ukz;ad;>e.
r%f-gz;ghl;L jkpof tuyhW> vd;nd];
gg;spNf\d;;];> cLkiy> 1991
nry;tuh[;>r.Nj. capuspf;Fk; cldpUg;G> itfiw
gjpg;gfk;> jpz;Lf;fy;> 2005
Daalen,
DH van. The Real Resurrection , Collins,
St.James’s Palace, London , 1972
Eckholm,
Erik. P. The Picture of Health- Environmental Sources
of Disease, World Watch Institute, New York, 1997
Goetz,
Joseph et al. A Christian Anthropology , Abbey
press, Indiana, U.S.A,1974
Isherwood,
Lisa. Introducing Body Theology, Sheffield academic Press, England 1998
Joseph
, George et al. Health Care in India, Centre For Social Action , Bangalore, 1983
Lapsley,
James .N. Salvation and Heaslth- The
interlocking process of Life, The
Westminister Press, Philadelphia, 1998
Maria,
Carlo Martini. On the Body – A
Contemporary Theology of the Human Person, the Crossroad Publishing Company
, New York, 2000
Mathews,
C.M.E.& Benjamin, V. Changing Health Beliefs and Practices in Rural
Tamilnadu, Indian Social Institute, New Delhi. 1981
Scott,
Russel. The Body as Property, Penguin
Books Limited, London , 1981
Tancredi,
Laurence. Ethical Policy in Mental Health Care- The Goals of Psychiatric
Intervention , Harper and Row, New
York , 1975
Timothy
, Mary Prokes . Toward a Theology if the Body, The
Cromwell Press Ltd, 1996
5.1
tiyj;jsq;fs;
www.cry.org/projects/tamilnaduprojest4.htm(20.10.2011)
www.dalitandtribe.wordpress.com(20.10.2011)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/silicosis
(25.10.2011)
http://www.envisnioh.org/occupational
-hazards.htm(25.10.2011)
[1] Cf. Translated by me,
http://www.websters-online-dictionary.org/definition, browsed on 25.10.2011
[2] Cf. Translated
by me, “Quary Workers’ Development Society- About us” , Gnanamani, http://qwds.org/aboutus.html , browsed on
25.10.2011
[3] Cf. Translated
by me, http://www.envisnioh.org/occupational
-hazards.htm
, browsed on 25.10.2011
[6] Cf.Translated by
me, http://www.faqs.org/health/topics/24/Occupation-safety-and-health.htm, browsed on 25.10.2011
