Thursday, July 24, 2014

Occupational Health Hazards ( Tamil)

capiuf;  Fbf;Fk; ciog;G
1 capiug; gzak; itj;J
nrd;id tpkhd epiyaj;jpw;Ff; fpof;Nf 2 fpNyh kPl;lH J}uj;jp;y; mike;Js;sJ jphpR+yk; vd;w efug; gQ;rhaj;J.  ehd;F jpirfspYk; Fd;Wfisf; nfhz;l ,g;gFjpapy; tho;NthH midtUk;  FbNawpatHfs;.   gQ;rk; gpiof;f jpUney;Ntyp kw;Wk; jkpofj;jpd; njd;gFjpfspYUe;Jk;> jpUtz;zhkiy> tpOg;Guk; Nghd;w gFjpfspypUe;Jk; te;J ,q;F jq;fspd; gpiog;igj; Njbf;  nfhz;L tho;it efHj;JgtHfs;.   mg;gbg;gl;l egHfs; jhd; ,q;F gUk;ghyhNdhH. ,tHfis ikakhf itj;J vOe;j mDgtq;fisg; gjpT nra;fpNwd;.
     rpWtajpNyNa xU fz;ghHitia ,oe;jtH rthpak;khs;@  taJ 55. ,tUk; ,tuJ fztUk; ,ize;J jpdKk; fy;Fthhpf;Ff; fy; cilf;f, kw;Wk; fy;fis yhhpfspy; epug;gTk;  nry;YthHfs;.  ,tHfSf;F ,uz;L kfd;fs; kw;W xU kfSk; cz;L.  ,tHfs; jpdKk;  Ntiyf;Fr; nrd;W 8 kzp Neuk; fLikahd Ntiy nra;jhYk; ,tHfs; tho;tpy; tsik xd;Wk; njd;gltpy;iy. FbapUg;gJ gj;Jf;F gj;J mb vd;w $iu tPL. mJTk; xU thlif tPLjhd;.  Nkl;by; mike;jpUf;Fk; mf;Fbir tPl;By; trpj;J tUk; ,tHfSf;F jpdKk; fy;Yilj;jhy; jhd;  tapw;Wf;Fr; NrhW.   %j;j kfd; jq;fs; tPl;by; tpUe;jhspahf te;jpUe;j jpUkzkhd jd; rpj;jp kfSld; nrd;W tpl;lhd;.  ed;whf yhhp-Xl;LeH Ntiy ghHj;J rk;ghjpg;gij ngw;NwhUf;F nfhLj;jjpy;iy.   tPl;il tpl;L  Nghdtd; jpUk;gp tu MtNyhL   fhj;jpUf;Fk; ngw;NwhH.  ,isa kfd; ,g;NghJ ,sq;fisg; gl;lg;gbg;ig Nkw;nfhz;Ls;shH.  tpLKiw ehl;fspy; ,tUk; ngw;NwhUld; NrHe;J fyf;Fthpf;Ff; fy;Yilf;fr; nry;YthH.  filf;Fl;bahd kfs; ,sk;gps;is thjj;jhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;ltH.  me;jf; $iu tPNl  ,tuJ cyfk;.   rkay; nra;tJ> Jzpj; Jitg;gJ kw;Wk; tPl;il fhty; fhj;Jf; nfhs;tJjhd; ,tuJ md;whl Ntiy.   fy;FthhpapypUe;J tUk; Jhrpf; fhw;W J}rpahy; tPl;il epug;Gk;.  fbd Ntiy nra;tjhy; rthpak;khs;; kw;Wk; mtuJ fzthpd; cly; nkype;J NrhHTw;W gyfPdkhff; fhzg;gLk;.   tho;Tf;F VNjh xU rpW top nra;jhYk; fy;Fthpj; njhopy; ehsiltpy; capiuf; Fbf;fj; njhlq;FfpwJ.  cliy rpijj;J capiug; gzak; itj;J cioj;J XlhFk; epiy.  cly; eyf; NfLfis tutiof;Fk;   ,f;fy;Fthhpj; njhopy; er;Rj;jd;ik tha;e;jjhf mikfpd;wJ.


     Nkhpak;khs;> taJ 50,  fle;j 30 Mz;Lfshf jphpR+yj;jpy; trpg;gtH. jhDk; jd; fztUk; fy;Fthhpapy;  jpdKk; Ntiyf;Fr; nrd;W tho;itj; js;SfpwtHfs;.   taJf;F mjpfkhd Njhw;wKs;s KJikia ,tHfsplk; ghHf;fyhk;.  fy;J}f;fp tisj;j KJF fisg;gha; cs;s Njhw;wk;, tWikapd; gpbAk;, fbd Ntiyapd; gSTk; epiwe;j tho;it tho;e;J nfhz;bUf;Fk; ,tHfSf;F xU kfDk; kfSk; cs;sdH. kfDf;Fj; jpUkzkhfp rpy khjq;fNs MfpwJ. kfs; jpUkzkhfp kzKwpT ngw;wtH.   taJ 30 vd;whYk; mg;ngz;Zf;F 45taJ MdJ Nghy; KJikahd Njhw;wk;.  tho;tpy; tpuf;jp mile;j epiyapy; Ntiyf;Fg; Nghdhy;  jhd; czT> ciwtplk; vd;W ,tHfs;  ,f;fy;Fthpf;F  thf;fg;gl;lJ Nghy; ,e;j Ntiyf;Nf nry;fpd;wdH.   rpwpJ rpwpjhf cliyr; rpijf;Fk; ,e;j Ntiyf;Fj; jq;fisNa ifaspf;fpd;wdH. fy;Fthhpia Vyk; vLj;J gz Kjiyfs; gzj;ijf; Nfhbf;fzf;fpy; ms;spf; nfhz;L Ngha; nrhFrhf tho;fpd;wtHfsplj;jpy; jq;fs; capiuf; nfhLj;J gypahfpd;wdH  ,e;j mg;ghtp kf;fs;.
tWikapy; thbdhYk; ,k;kf;fs; ,f;fy;Fthhpia tpl;L Nghd ghby;iiy.  tho;itf; nfhQ;rk;  nfhQ;rkhff; Fbf;Fk; ,e;jj; njhopypy; jq;fs; cliy ,oe;J cly; eyj;ijAk; rpy Ntisfspy; capiuANk ,oe;J epw;Fk; ,tHfs; cly; eyf; Nfl;Lf;F cs;shfp rpWJ rpWjhf jq;fs; tho;it ,of;fpd;wdH.  jq;fspd; mbg;gilj; NjitfSf;fhf jq;fisNa ,of;Fk; tpNdhj tpjp. FbNeha; cwTr;rpf;fy;> Nghijg; gz;ghL> kd cisr;ry;cly;eyf;Nfl;lhy; tUk; gzneUf;fb, FLk;gr; rpijTfs; njhlHe;J eilngWk; jw;nfhiyfs;, nghUshjhu neUf;fb kw;Wk; gy ,d;dy;fSf;F ,tHfs; Mshfpd;;wdH.
       Ntiyfpilj;jhYk; mjd; tpisT Jd;gj;ijAk; NehiaAk; milfpwhHfs;. capHtho capiu ,of;f Ntz;bapUf;fpd;wJ.  cliyg;ghJfhf;f tha;g;gpy;yhj epiyapy;  clYf;Fk; capUf;FkpilNa Nghuhl;lk;.   cliy tUj;Jtjhy; capiu ,of;Fk; epiy.  ciog;G capiuf; Fbf;Fk; epiyapy; ,tHfs; ,g;gb tpopg;GzzHT ngwhky; ,Ug;gJ kdpj khz;Gf;Ff; NfL tpistpf;Fk; epiyNa.
       fy;Fthhpfspy;  Ntiy nra;jy; vd;gJ rhjhuz nray; my;y.  clk;ig itj;J  fbdkhf  ciog;gtHfshy; kl;LNk ,t;Ntiyfisr; nra;a   ,aYk;. ,f;fbd ciog;ghy; ,tHfs; ngWk; $ypNah nrhw;gk;.  ,t;Tiog;ghy; ,tHfs; ngUk; cly; eyf;Nfl;L;f;F  cs;shf;fg; gLfpd;wdH.  VNjh NtW topapy;yhky; ,q;F khl;bf;nfhz;ltHfs; ,t;NtiyiaNa ek;gpf; fhyj;ijf; fopf;fpd;wdH.
cly; ciog;ghy; NeHikahf kjpg;Gld; thOk; ,tHfs; jq;fSf;F kiwKfkhf Vw;gLk; cly;eyf;NfLfis mwpa Kw;gLtjpy;iy. mtw;iw mwpe;jhYk; nghpjhf vLj;Jf; nfhs;tjpy;iy.  ,tHfspd;  epiyiag; ghHf;Fk; NghJ ,tHfisg; gw;wp mwpa vOk;  Ma;Tf; Nfs;tpfs;.
1.1 Ma;Tf; Nfs;tpfs;
,tHfSf;F Vw;gLk; cly; eyf;NfLfs; ahit? rpwpJ rpwpjhf ,tHfisj; jhf;Fk; Neha;fSk; mjd; tpisTfSk; vg;gbapUf;Fk;?
J}rpapYk;, rj;jj;jpYk; vg;NghJNk Ntiy nra;Ak; ,tHfis ,it vt;thW ghjpf;fpd;wd?
er;Rj; jd;ikAs;s ,lj;jpy; gzpGhpAk; ,tHfs; vt;thW ghjpf;fg;gLfpd;whHfs;? 
fy;Fthhpf;F mUfpNyNa trpf;Fk; ,tHfisf; fy;Fthhpapd; khRj; jd;ik ,tHfspd; ,ay;G tho;it vt;thW ghjpf;fpwJ? 
mbg;gilj;Njitfisf; $l epiwT nra;a Kbahj epiyapy; ,Uf;Fk; ,tHfs; tpspk;gpw;Fj; js;sg;gLk; mtyk; kdpj khz;ig vg;gbf; Fiyf;fpd;wJ? 












2 Ma;thf  
2.1 ahH ,e;jf; Fthhpj; njhopyhspfs;?   
            “fy;Fthhpfspy; ntbitj;Jj; jfHf;fg;gl;l fw;fis rpW ry;ypfshf rk;gl;b> Rj;jpay; nfhz;L cilj;Jr; NrHg;gtHfs;.  cilf;fg;gl;l fw;fis yhhpapy; epwg;gTk;, kw;Wk; fy;Fthhpfspy; ghiw kiyfspy; ntb itj;J jfHf;fg;gl;l fUq;fw;fis Nrfhpj;J, msT ghHj;J mtw;iw NeHj;jpnra;J kw;Wk; ntt;NtW msTfshfg; gphpj;J, cilj;J mtw;iw ms;sp yhhpfspy; epug;GtJk; ,tHfsJ md;whl Ntiyahf  mikfpd;wJ.  fbd ciog;ig Nkw;nfhs;Sk; ,tHfs; rKjhaj;jpy; kpfTk; gpd;jq;fpa epiyapy; thOk; tpspk;g epiy kf;fs;”.[1]
     gy;NtW CHfspypUe;J Ntiyj;Njb ,lk;ngaHe;jtHfs>; gbg;gwpTf;F topapy;yhky; nrhe;j CHfspy; gpiof;f topapy;yhky; ,f;fy;FthhpfSf;Ff;  fy; cilf;Fk; fbd Ntiyf;Fr; nry;fpd;wdH. rpy Ntiyfspy;  nfhj;jbikfshfTk; gy Mz;Lfs; mbikg;gl;L chpikapoe;j epiyapy; jq;fsJ md;whlj; Njitfisf; $l epiwT nra;a Kbahky; jj;jspj;J Nghfpd;wdH.  jq;fspd; mty epiyia czHtjw;Fs; Neha;tha;g;gl;L ,we;Jk; tpLfpd;wdH. fy;Yilj;jy; ntWk; cly; typikia kl;Lk; ghjpg;gJ fpilahJ.  gy;NtW Nfhzq;fspy; ,j;njhopy; kdpj tho;itf; Fj;jp Fiyj;Jr; rpijj;J tpLtij Ma;thsHfs; Muha;r;rpapy; fz;LzHe;Js;sdH.
2.2 ,aw;nghUs;NfLfs;
     mjpf ntg;gk; kw;Wk; Fspuhy; fy;Fthhpfspy; Ntiy nra;NthH mjpf NrhHTf;Fs;shf Ntz;baepiy.  fy;Fthhpfs;  gs;sj;jpy; my;yJ kiyfs; Fd;Wfs; R+o;e;Js;s gFjpfshf ,Ug;git.  Mifahy; mq;F ntg;gk; ntspNaWtjhw;Fk; FspHepiyapypUe;J ntg;gkilaTk; tha;g;Gfs; kpff;FiwthfNt ,Uf;Fk;.   ,jdhy;  gy;NtW cly;  eyf; NfLfs; cUntLf;Fk;   tha;g;Gfs; cs;sd.
     mjpf ntg;gj;jpdhy; ntg;gr;NrhHT, ntg;gg;Gz;fs; , %is ghjpg;GNjhypy; Vw;gLk; ntg;g  ntbg;Gfs;, mjpfr; NrhHthy; tUk; epiyj;jLkhw;wk; kw;Wk; mjdhy; Vw;gLk; tpgj;Jf;fs; tpistJ cliy gythW thl;b tpLfpd;wJ.  mjpff;Fsphpdhy; ghjq;fspy; ,uj;j Xl;lk; ,y;yhky;  ciwe;J Ngha; nraypoe;J tpLtJk; tof;fk;.  cly; ntg;gKk; Fiwa mjpf tha;g;Gs;sjhy; ,uj;j Xl;lj;ij ghjpg;gjhf mikfpd;wJ. RkhH 100000 fy;Fthhpj; njhopyhsHfs; jkpo;ehl;bd; 12 khtl;lq;fspy; Ntiy nra;J tUfpd;wdh[2];.  
2.3 xsp
     njhopyhsHfSf;F fy;Fthhpfspy; mjpfg;gbahd xsp ,Ug;gjhYk; rpy Mokhd Fthhpfspy;  kpff;Fiwthd msT xsp ,Ug;gjhYk; rpf;fy;fs; cUntLf;fpd;wd.   mjpf xsp fz;fisf; $rr; nra;tjhy; fz;ghHit kq;f tha;g;Gs;sJ.   xsp Fiwthf ,Uf;Fk;NghJ fz;fSf;F mjpf mOj;jKk;,   typAk; Vw;gl;L fz;fis ntFthf ghjpf;fpd;wd.  Xsp fz;fis VNjDk;   xU topapy; ghjpf;Fk; NghJ tpgj;Jf;fs; epfoTk; mjpf tha;g;Gfs; cs;sd.  ,jdhy; ghHit ,og;gJ xUGwk;, Fiwthd ghHitahy; tUk; tpgj;Jf;fs; kWGwk;.
2.4 xyp
     ghiwfis ntb itj;Jj; jfHg;gjhy; mjpfg;gbahd  rj;jk; fhJfis nrtplhff;$l  Mf;fptpLk;.  ,e;jr;rj;jk; jw;fhypfkhfNth epue;jukhfNth nrtpfisr; nraypof;fr; nra;a ty;yJ.   ,e;j khjphpahd xyp miyfs; ga czHTk; kaf;fKk; Ngr;irAk; $l nraypof;f itf;Fk; Mw;wy; nfhz;lit. ehsiltpy; vhpr;rYk; NrhHTk; ,t;nthyp miyfshy;; Vw;gLk; fhaq;fs; me;j miyfspd; neUf;fk; mlHj;jp;iag; nghWj;Nj mikAk;. xUrpyhpd; krptpay;G jd;ikf;Nfw;wgb Nrjq;fSk; mit MokhfTk; tha;g;Gz;L;;.
2.5 mjpHTfs;
     10 Kjy; 500 n`Hl;]; ,ilg;gl;lj; jilt mjpHTfs; fy;Yilf;Fk; fUtpfshy; Vw;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. ,e;j mjpHTfs;  iffisAk; %l;Lf;fisAk; ghjpf;fpd;wJ.  ,e;j mjpHTfis rpy khjq;fNsh my;yJ rpy tUlq;fNsh  njhlHe;;J ngw;W te;jjhy;  ,uj;jf;Foha;fspy; czUk; rf;jp mjpfkhfp tpuy;fis ghjpg;Gf;Fs;shf;fptpLk;.  ,e;j mjpHTfshy;  vYk;G %l;Lfspy; fhak; Vw;gLtJld; Koq;if kw;Wk; Njhs;fisAk; mjpfkhf fhag;gLj;jp vYk;G NfhshWfis Vw;gLj;Jk;.   GwCjhf; fjpHfs; kw;Wk; mZf;fspd; kpd;k ,og;ghYk; ngWtjpdhYk; Vw;gLk; fjpHtPr;R fz;fis ,d;dYf;Fs;shf;Ffpd;wd.   kyl;Lj;jd;ik, ,uj;jg; Gw;W Neha; , Fiwthd tsHr;rp> kuGf; $Wfs; rhHe;j khw;wq;fs;, kw;Wk; ,wg;Gk; $l Vw;gLk;.  ,f;fjpHtPr;rhy; ghjpf;fg;gLk; cWgGf;fspy; kpf nkd;ikahdit vYk;G k[;i[ vd;gJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.

2.6 ,urhadf; NfLfs; 
     vy;yhj;JiwfSNk ,urhadq;fisg; gad;gLj;Jfpd;wd. Gjpa Gjpa ,uhradq;fs; rpf;fyhd tpisTfisg; ngw;Wj; jUfpd;wd. ,urhadg; nghUs;fs; %d;W tpjkhd tpisTfisf; nfhzHfpd;wd. Fwpg;gpl;l ,;lj;jpw;Fhpa nray;ghL,  EfHtjhy; kw;Wk; cl;nfhs;tjhy; Vw;gLk; tpisTfs;. ,e;j ,urhadq;fspd; R+oypy; vt;tsT fhyk; xUtH cl;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;shH, ,urhazk; ve;j mstpy; ,Ue;jd kw;Wk; mthpd; ghjpg;G cz;lhf;fg;gLfpw msitg; nghWj;J jPa tpisTfs; cz;lhFk;.
            “Fwpg;gpl;l ,lj;jpy; nray;ghL: ,urhadq;fs;  Njhypy; gLk;NghJ Gz;ntbg;G,mhpg;G, vhpr;ry; kw;Wk; mjdhy; Vw;gLk; Gw;WNeha;, Njhy; xt;thik kw;Wk; Njhiy ghjpf;Fk; my;yJ Nrjg;gLj;Jk; epiyikAk; te;jilAk[3];.
2.7 EfHtjhy;   
2.7.1 J}rp
     ntbnghUs; nfhz;L ghiwfis cilg;gjhYk; fw;fis cilg;gjhy; , miug;gjhy; fw;fis Vw;WtjhYk; ,wf;FtjhYk; J}rpj;Jfs;fs; me;j Rw;Wr;#oypy; fhw;NwhL fye;J epug;gpapUf;fpd;w epiyapy; mq;Nf gzpahw;Wk; njhopyhsHfspd; Rthrf; Foha;fisAk; EiuaPuy;fisAk; ntFthf ghjpf;fpd;wJ.  0.1 Kjy; 150 ikf;uhd; msT nfhz;l fy;J}rpfs>; 0.5 ikf;uhd; msTs;s J}rpj;Jfs;fs; Neubahf EiuaPuYf;Fs; Eioe;J mq;Nf  jq;fptpLfpd;wd. ,jdhy; epA+NkhNfhdpNah]p]; ]pypNfh]p];  kw;Wk; me;juNfh]p]; Nghd;w EiuaPuy; Neha;fs; Vw;gLk”.[4];
2.7.2 thAf;fs;
     er;R thAf;fshy; %r;R jpduy; kw;Wk; %r;rilg;G epfo;tJ rfIk;. fhHgd; Nkhdhf;i]lhy; Mgj;Jfs; epfo;tJ ,j;jifa Fthhpfspy; nghpa rthy;
2.7.3 cNyhfq;fs;
gy;NtW er;Rj;jd;ikf; nfhz;l cNyhfj; J}rpfs; fhw;NwhL fye;J Rthrf;Foha;fspy; Eiotjhy; gy;NtW jPa tpisTfisAk; cly;eyf; NfLfisAk; Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wd.  ghjurk;> fhl;kpak; > Nfhghy;Lkhq;fdPR> gh];gu];> FNuhkpak;> Jj;jehfk; Kjypa cNyhfq;fspd; J}rpj;Jfs;fs;   jPq;F tpistpf;ff;$bait. 
2.8 cl;nfhs;tjd; topahf
       khRgbe;j iffNshLk;> rhpahf iffisf; fOthky; czT cz;Ztjhy; er;Rj;jd;ikAs;s cNyhfq;fs; czTld; fye;J nry;tjw;F tha;g;Gs;sJ. cl;nfhz;l er;Rg; nghUl;fs; ,uj;jj;jpy; fye;J jPq;F tpistpf;Fk;.
2.9 caphpay; rhHe;j ghjpg;Gfs;
     Neha; cz;lhff; $ba Ez;Zaphpfshd ghf;Bhpah> itu]; kw;Wk; G+Q;irfs; Fthhpapy;; Ntiy nra;Nthiu vspjpy; jhf;f KbAk;. nyg;Nlh];igNuhrp]; vdg;gLk; vypf;fha;r;ry;> Me;juhf;];, ff;Fthd; ,Uky; kw;Wk; gy Neha;fs; ,t;thW njhopyhsHfisj; jhf;Ffpd;wd.
2.10 fUtpfshy;
     thfdk; kw;Wk; fy; Vw;Wk; nghpaf; fUtpfshy; tpgj;Jf;fSk; tpghPjq;fSk; Vw;gLk; mghak; cs;sJ.  fy;Fthhpfspy; epfOk; RkhH 10%  tpgj;Jf;fSf;F fUtpfNs fhuzkhf mikfpd;wd.
2.11 cstpay; hPjpahd ghjpg;Gf;fs;  
     ntWg;Ggjw;wk;, NrhHthd Ntiyapy; kdepiwT ,y;yhikghJfhg;gpd;ik,  NrhHthd kdpj cwTfs;> czHr;rp G+Htkhd gjw;wk; Nghd;wit clystpYk;  kdjstpYk; ghjpg;Gf;fis Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wd.  rpy rkaq;fspy; jq;fs; nrhe;j CHfis tpl;L NtW  ,lq;fSf;Fr; nrd;W FbNawpg; gpiog;gjhy; mtHfspd; fy;tp-gz;ghl;Lg; gpd;dzp> FLk;g tho;T> r%fg; gof;f tof;fq;fs; Gjpa #oypy; khw;wj;jpw;fhd mOj;jq;fisg; ngWfpd;wd. cly;eyk; fPo;f;fz;l ,uz;L tpj cstpay; $Wfshy;  ghjpf;fg;glyhk;.
·         cstpay; nray;ghl;L khw;wq;fis VwgLk; kd mOj;jk; , ntWg;G> jhf;Fk; ,ay;G> vjpHfhyj;ijg;gw;wpa mr;r czHT> Nghijg; gof;fk; Nghd;wit  xUtif.
·         cly; kd hPjpahd Neha;fs;>  jiytyp, Njhs;;fOj;J kw;Wk; KJFg; gFjpfspy; typFly;Gz;, caH ,uj;j mOj;jk;;, ,ja Neha; kw;Wk; JhpjKJik Nghd;witAk; xUtiu tpiuthf ghjpg;Gf;Fs;shfyhk;.  
     ,aw;gpay; kw;Wk; ,urhadj; jPikfis tpl cstpay; hPjpahf Vw;gLk; tpisTfs; Fthhpj; njhopyhspfis ntFthf ghjpf;fpd;wJ.    xsp> xyp Vw;gLj;Jk; tpisTfs; xU njhopyhspapd; %isia mjpfk; ghjpf;fpd;wJ.
     Bry; vQ;rpd; gad;;ghL mjpfk; cs;sjhy; Fthhpfspy; Bry; Gifahy;  EiuaPuy;; Gw;WNeha; Njhd;Wtw;F fhuzkhf mikfpwJ.  Mf;rpId; jl;Lg;ghl;lhy; %r;rilg;Gk; Vw;gLk;.
     vYk;Gfspd; rPH eyf;NfLk; Fthhpj; njhopyhsHfspd; jirfisj; jhf;Fk; xU nfhba jPq;F.  mjpf vilAs;s fw;fis ehs;NjhWk; J}f;fp Rkg;gjdhy; ,tHfspd; jirfSk; vYk;GfSk; jsHr;rp milfpd;wd.   vYk;Gfs; tise;Jk; jirfs; cUkhwpAk;  ,ay;ghd  Kiwapy; nray;glhky; Nghfpd;wd.  ,jdhy; clypd; ,ay;ghd mirTfSk; Rl ,of;f NehpLk;.  ,ay;ghd ,af;fk; ,y;yhky; Ngha;r; nraypof;Fk; epiyia cly; milfpd;wJ.   clypd; ,r;nraypof;fk; caphpog;gpw;F ,l;Lr; nry;fpd;wJ.
2.12 fy;Fthhpapy; ngz;fspd; epiy
     mikg;G rhuhj; njhopyhsHfshf  ,Uf;Fk;  Fthhpj; njhopypy; ngz;fs; kpfTk; my;yy;gLfpd;wdH.   ,tHfSf;F Ntiyg;ghJfhg;G vd;gJ fpilahJ. mjpfkhd cly;eyf; Nfl;bw;F ,tHfs; ,t;Ntiyapd; topahf cl;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. ,jdhy; ,tHfs; kyl;Lj; jd;ikia milaTk; tha;g;Gs;sJ. rhpahdg; ghJfhg;G ,y;yhjjhy; ghypay; gyhj;fhuj;jpw;Fk; ,tHfs; MshfpwhHfs;.  ngz;fs; Fthhpfspd; Jg;GuT njhopyhsHfshf; fUjg;gLfpd;wdH. Fthhpj; njhopw;rhiyapy; fhtyH kw;Wk; caH mjpfhhpfspd; njhy;iyfSf;F  ,tHfs; ngUk;ghYk; MshfpwhHfs;. Fthhpfspy; Jg;GuT njhopyhsHfs; vd;w NghjpYk; ,tHfs; ve;j tpjg;ghJfhg;Gkpd;wp Ntiyapy;
2.13 Foe;ijj; njhopyhsHfs;
     Foe;ij njhopyhsH (jLg;G kw;Wk; xOq;FKiw) vd;w rl;lk; 1986 Foe;ijfis  Fthhp kw;Wk; Ruq;fj; njhopypy;   ; kdeyk;> mwnewp kw;Wk; r%f Nkk;ghl;L epiyfis ,oe;J $ypNtiyapy;
            “,e;jpa murpay; mikg;Gr; rl;lk; vz; 24 Foe;ijj; njhopyhsHfis jLf;fpd;wJ.  njhopyhsH rl;lk; 1951 njhopw;rhiy rl;lk; 1954 kw;Wk; Ruq;fj; njhopy;  rl;lk; 1952  Mfpait Foe;ijj; njhopyhsHfis td;ikahff; fz;bf;fpd;wJ.[5] 
2.14 epWtdq;fSk; Ma;TfSk;
            “njhopy; hPjPahd cly;ey ghjpg;Gf;fisg; gw;wp gy;NtW epWtdq;fs; Ma;Tfs; Nkw;nfhz;Ls;sdH.
·         Njrpa gzp rhHe;j MNuhf;fpa epWtdk;> mfkjhghj;
·         kj;jpaj; njhopyhsH epWtdk;> Kk;ig
·         njhopy; kw;Wk; Rw;W R+oy; MNuhf;fpa ikak;> nly;yp
Nghd;w epWtdq;fs; njhopy; topahf Vw;gLk; cly;eyf; NfLfisg;gw;wp Mokhf Ma;T nra;jpUf;fpd;wdH”.[6]
     fy;Fthhpj; njhopypy; $yp Ntiy nra;Ak; njhopyhsHfs; vt;thnwy;yhk; cly; eyf;NfLfSf;F cs;shfpd;whHfs; vd;gij mwptpay; G+Htkhf fz;Lgpbj;Js;shH.  Njrpa gzp rhHe;j MNuhf;fpa epWtdj;jpy; kl;Lk; 270 mwptpay; epGzHfs; kw;Wk; 60 tpQ;Qhdpfis cs;slf;fp fy;Fthhp njhopypy;
     ,e;epWtdq;fs; vy;yhk; $WtJ Fwpg;gpl;l R+oypy; nra;Ak; cly; ciog;ghy; me;j R+oy; jUk; jPik xU gf;fk; ,Uf;f  me;j njhopNy  gy cly;eyf;NfLfis xUtUf;F ju ty;yJ.  ,j;jifaj; jPq;ifg;gw;wp kf;fs; mwpa Ntz;Lk;.  tpopg;GzHT ngw Ntz;L;k;  ,j;jPq;FfspypUe;J kf;fs; ghJfhf;fg;gl Ntz;Lnkd;Wk; kf;fSk; jq;fisf; fhg;ghw;wpf; nfhs;s Kd;ndr;rhpf;if eltbf;iffisAk; ghpe;Jiu nra;fpd;wd.
     cly;eyr; rpf;fNyhL kdeyr; rpf;fYk; ,ize;J tUk;NghJ mq;Nf fbdkhd #oy; cUntLf;fpd;wJ. cwTfspy; rpf;fyhy; tUk; kd ,Wf;fk; jw;nfhiyf;Fk; ,l;Lr; nry;fpd;wJ.  rpf;fyhd #oiktpdhy; rpy Ntisfspy; ghypay; Kuz;ghLfSk; epfo;fpd;wJ. ntspg;gilahfj; njd;gLk; cly;eyk;> kdeyk; Mfpatw;wpw;F Nky; fz;zhy; fhzKbahj rpf;fy;fshd>  me;j];Jg; GidTfs;> kdpj khz;Gr; rpijTfs; Nghd;witAk; ,tHfis  fPo;kl;lj;jpw;Fj; js;Stjhf mikfpd;wJ. Ntiy epiyahf ,Ue;jhYk; ,tHfspd; nghUshjhuk; epiyaw;wjhfNt cs;sJ.  ,jdhy; ,tHfs; ,e;jf; Fthhpj; njhopiyNa njhlHe;J nra;fpd;wdH.  r%fj;jpy; me;j];jpy;yhj Ntiy> FLk;gj;jpy; rpf;fy; epyTk; R+oy;>  FOtpdUf;Fs;Ns gpsT> xUq;fpizf;fg;glhj njhopyhsHfshf ,Ug;gjhy; KjyhspfsplkpUe;J tUk; mePjr; nray;fs; ,tHfspd; tho;it rpijg;gJ kl;Lky;y tho;itNa rpwpJ rpwpjhf mopf;fpd;wJ.
2.15 Ma;tpd; tpisthf vOk; ,iwapay; Nfs;tpfs;
·         rpwpJ rpwpjhfj; jq;fsJ capiuf;Fbf;Fk; ,e;jf; fy;Yilf;Fk; njhopypy; ,tHfs; NtW topapy;yhky; js;sg;gl;bUf;Fk; R+oypy; ,tHfs; jq;fs; tho;it Nkd;ik gLj;Jk; rhj;jpaf; $Wfs; ahit? 
·         cly; eyj;ijg; gzak; itj;J thOk; ,tHfsJ tho;it
·         jq;fisNa ,of;Fk; ,tHfs; jq;fs; Ntiyapd; nfh^uj;ij czHe;J tpopg;GzHTld; Kd;ndr;rhpf;ifNahL ek;gpf;ifA+l;Lk; epiyf;F jq;fsJ tho;it vt;thW ,l;Lr; nry;y KbAk;?
·         cly; ciog;gpy; ek;gpf;ifitf;Fk; ,tHfs; khw;Wr; rpe;jidNahL     khw;Wj; njhopypy;
·         ngz;fs; rpwhHfSk; ,f;fy;Yilf;Fk; njhopypy;
·         nra;Ak; njhopyhYk; Mw;Wk; gzpahYk; jPq;ifg; gzpf; nfhilahf ngWk; ,tHfspd; tho;Tr; R+oy; khWtjw;fhd nray;ghLfs; vt;thW ,tHfis ,e;j tpspk;G epiy moptpypUe;J MNuhf;fpakhd tho;T kw;Wk; Ntiyr; R+oYf;Fk; ,tHfis jpir topahf;fk; nra;Ak; ek;gpf;ifA+l;Lk; Nghf;Ffis; vd;dthf ,Uf;fKbAk;?
·         tho;T vd;Dk; nfhilia eykhf tho ,ayhJ jq;fspd; khz;igapoe;;J jtpf;Fk; ,tHfis tpLtpj;J eytho;Tf;F mioj;Jr; nry;Yk; topfisAk; tha;g;GfisAk; vt;thW tprhykhf;fTk; Jhpjkhf;fTk; fUtpfshf cs;sit vit?
3. ,iwnahspapy;
3.1 clYk; ciog;Gk;
     ciog;G caHitj;jUk; vd;gJ gz;ilaj; jkpo; $w;W.  ciog;gpy;yhky; kdpj tho;T tsk; ngWtjpy;iy. ciog;ig kdpj ePl;rpahff; fUjyhk;.  ciof;f kdkpy;yhj vtUk; cz;zyhfhJ” (2 njr 3:10) vd;W gTybahH $WfpwhH. jhq;fs; cz;Zk; czTf;fhf ciof;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W Mz;ltH ,NaR fpwp];Jtpd; ngauhy; fl;lisapl;L mwpTWj;JfpNwhk; (2 njr 3:12) vd;W gTybahH kPz;Lk; $WfpwhH.  ciog;G xUthpd; tho;tpd; Njitfis epiwT nra;a ty;yJ. 
     gyd; juhj ciog;G xU mbikj;jdkhf khWfpd;wJ. fy;Fthhp kf;fSk; ciog;gpd; gyid mDgtpf;fhky; mtw;wpd; NtjidfjisNa mDgtpf;fpd;wdH. ciog;ghy; cliy NgZk; epiykhwp ciog;Ng cly; eyj;ij Ruz;Lk; epiy te;jilfpd;wJ.  cliy tsHj;NjNd capH tsHj;NjNd vd;w jpU%yhpd;  tha;r;nrhy;Yf;F ,q;F mHj;jk; ,y;yhky; Nghfpd;wJ.
     rpy Ntiyfspy; nfl;Lg;Nghd czit cz;gjhy; me;j czNt eQ;rhf khWtJNghy; newpapy;yhj ,e;j capH Fbf;Fk; ciog;G> tho;itf; Fiyf;Fk; ciog;ghfptpLfpd;wJ. cliyf; fhf;f Ntz;ba ciog;G cliy mopf;fpd;wJ. 
     gz;ila fpNuf;fHfs; cly; Md;kh vd;W kdpjiu gphpj;Jg;ghHf;Fk; Nghf;F ,Ue;jJ.  cliyj;  jho;thff; fUjp Md;khit caHj;jpg; gpbj;jdH.  cly; mopTf;F vd;Wk; Md;kh moptpy;yhj tho;Tf;F vd;wr; rpe;jidj; jhf;fk; NkNyhq;fpapUe;jJ.  ,g;gb epidj;j fpNuf;fHfs; kj;jpapNyjhd; xypk;gpf;]; Nghl;b Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ.  cliy NgZk; $WfSk; ,tHfsplkpUe;J cjpj;jd.
     fpNuf;f nka;apaypd; jhf;fk; jpUr;rigapy; njhlf;ffhyj;jpypUe;J ,Ue;J te;jd. cly; jPaJ -Md;kh J}aJ vd;w rpe;jidia jpUr;rigj; je;ijaHfs; J}f;fpg; gpbj;jdH.  ,e;jr; rpe;jid jpUr;rigapd; Nfhl;ghLfSf;Fs;Sk; Eioe;J gy E}w;whz;Lfs; Ml;rpnra;jpUf;fpd;wJ.  Mhp[d;> eprh fpuNfhhp> n[Nuhk; kw;Wk; mF];jpdhH MfpNahH ,f;nfhs;if;F tpj;jpl;ldH.
     jpUtptpypaj;jpy; khdpliu Md;kh-cly; vdf; $W Nghlhky; KOikahfg; ghHf;Fk; Nghf;fpidf; nfhz;Ls;sJ.  mg;NghJ Mz;ltuhfpa flTs; epyj;jpd; kz;zhy; kdpjid cUthf;fp  mtd; ehrpfspy; capH %r;ir Cj kdpjd; capH cs;std; Mdhd; (njhE} 2:7). flTs; kdpjiu jd; rhaypYk; cz;lhf;FNthk;. mtHfs; fly; kPd;fisAk; thdj;Jg; gwitfisAk; fhy;eilfisAk; kz;ZyF KOtijAk; epyj;jpy; CHtd ahtw;iwAk; Msl;Lk;” (njhE} 1:26).  MtpAk; clYk; ,ize;J nray;gLtJjhd; kdpjk;.  caphpd;wp clyhy; tho ,ayhJ. cly; topahfj;jhd; Mtp nrayhw;w KbAk;.  ,itapuz;LNk kdpj tho;tpd; KOikf; $Wfs;. 
            “clNy kPl;gpd; %iyf;fy;; vdf; $WfpwhH njhHJy;ypad;. kDTU vLf;Fk; kiwAz;ikapy; thHj;ij kdTUthdhH vd;gJ cliyg;gw;wpa Gjpa ghHitia Kd; itf;fpd;wJ.  ,iwkfd; clnyLj;J ek; tYtpd;ikapy; gq;Fnfhs;Sk; me;j mw;Gj epfo;T clypd; Nkz;ikia typAUj;Jfpd;wJ.  fhz ,ayhj flTis ,e;j kDTUntLj;jypy; fz;L nfhz;bUf;fpd;Nwhk;.  ,e;j clNy ,iwikia ntspg;gLj;Jk; Clfkhf mike;jJ.  kDTUntLf;Fk; kiwAz;ikAk; capHnjOjy; vd;w kiwAz;ikAk;  cliy ikakhf itf;ff;$baJ fpwp];j;jt ek;gpf;iffs;.
3.2 Kjy; Vw;ghL
     tpLjiyg; gaz E}ypy; ,];uhNayH vfpg;jpauhy; mbikg;gLj;jg;gl;L xLf;fg;gl;ldH. (tpg 9:14) mtHfspd; vz;zpf;ifiag; ghHj;J gae;J mtHfs; ngUfp;lhjthW Rikahd Ntiyfis Rkj;jpdH. vfpg;jpaH cly; ciog;igf; fbdkhf;fp ,];uNay; kf;fspd; tho;it Fiyj;J nfhLikg;gLj;jpdH.  ,e;jf; fbdkhd tho;Tr; R+oypy; ,Ue;J ,k;kf;fis ,iwtd; jhNk NkhNr topahf tpLjiy tho;Tf;F mioj;J nry;fpwhH.  ,iwtd; tpUk;GtJ kf;fs; ciog;ghy; mbikg;gl;Lfplg;gjy;y  khwhf kdjpH  mf Rje;jpuj;JlDk;  kfpo;rpAlDk; jq;fs; khz;ig ,of;fhky; jq;fsp;d; tho;Tf; nfhilia MNuhf;fpkhf tho;tJ jhd;. ,e;j  mbikj;jdj;jpypUe;j ghYk; NjDk; nghopAk; cld;gbf;if ehlhd fhdhd; ehl;bw;F ,l;Lr; nry;fpwhH  ahNt ,iwtd;.
     ,t;thW mbikj;jdj;jpypUe;J tpLjiyf;F ,l;Lr; nry;Yk; NghJ ghiytdj;jpy; ghiwapypUe;J jz;zPH je;J kf;fspd; jhfj;ij jdpj;jhH.  ,uT Neuq;fspy; kd;dhitg; nghope;J (tpg 16: 4) ghiytdj;jpy; ,iwr;rpf;Ff;  fhilfis czthff; nfhLj;jhH ahNt flTs;.  ,t;thW flTs;jhNk kf;fis guhkhpf;Fk; je;ijahf ,Ue;Js;shH.   kdpjH grp> jhfk;> nfhLik> Mfpatw;why; mopa flTs; tpUk;Gtjpy;iy.  kdpjH    grp> gl;bdp> jhfk; kw;Wk; gy ,d;dy;fSf;Ff; fhuzk; flTs; my;y khwhf kdpjhpd; gfpuh kdg;ghq;Nf MFk;.  tskhd ehl;Lf;Ff; $l;bf;; nfhz;L NghFk; flTs;> kf;fspd; eykhd tho;itNt ikaf; fUj;jhfptpLfpd;whH.  Kjy; Vw;ghl;by; gy;NtW fhy fl;lq;fspy; ahNt flTs; jdJ mstpy;yhj guhkhpg;ig ,];uhNay; kf;fSf;Ff;  fhl;bapUf;fpwhH.
3.3 ,NaRtpd; Nghf;F    
     ew;nra;jpapy; ,NaR kf;fspd; eykhd tho;Tf;fhf  gy nray;ghLfspy; jd;id
3.4 gTybahhpd; $w;W 
     fpNuf;fr; rpe;jidfis mjpfkhf gTypd; kly;fspy; ntspg;gLk;. fpNuf;f nkhopapy; NgrpdhYk; vOjpdhYk; vgpNua kugpd;gb cliy kjpf;Fk; Nghf;fpid gTy; nfhz;bUe;jhH. cliy MtpahdtH thOk; Nfhapyhf (1nfhhp 3:16)  rpj;jhpf;fpwhH.  flTis topgLk; fhuzkhf cly; tpsq;Ftjhf $WfpwhH.  flTis ek; clypd; topahf kfpikg; gLj;j Ntz;Lk; (1nfhhp 6:20) vd;Wk;  jpUr;rigia fpwp];Jtpd; clyhf (vNg 4:12)  cUtfpf;Fk; gTybahH cly; vd;gij fpwp];JNthL jpUKOf;fpNy ,iztijAk; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whH (1nfhhp 12:3).   fpwp];JNt ,e;j clypd; jiy (nfhNyh1:18).  fpwp];Jtpd; ,wg;ig ek; clypy; Rkf;fpNwhk; (2nfhhp 4:10). vd;gJ fpwp];Jtpd; capHg;gpYk; ehk; gq;F ngwg; NghfpNwhk; vd;Nw nghUs;gLk; (gpyp 3: 21). Mf ek; cly;> capHg;G vd;Dk; kiwnghUspy; kfpik ngWk;.  cly; ,Wjp ehspy; capH ngw;nwOk; vd;w epiwTfhy ek;gpf;ifia fpwpj;jtHfs; kl;Lky;y n]huh\;bu (ghHrPa) rkaKk; ,JNghd;w ek;gpf;ifia vLj;Jiuf;fpd;wJ.
3.5 rkj;Jt gypahd ew;fUiz
     ew;fUiz vd;W nrhd;dhNy epidT> gyp> jpahfk;> cilgLjy;> md;G> jd;idapoj;jy;> cwT> cld;gbf;if> jpUtUl;rhjdk;> capH> cly;> ,uj;jk;> gpurd;dk;> epfo;T vd;W gy nrhw;fs; ekf;F epidTf;F tUk;. ,NaR jd; capiuAk;> cliyAk;> ,uj;jj;ijAk; jfdg;gypahff; fy;thhp kiyapy; ,t;Tyfk; tho jd;id toq;fpa gypapd; epidT ew;fUiz. ,e;j epidTf;$Wjiyj; jdJ ,Wjp ,uhTztpy; kuzrhrdkhf jk; rPlHfspd; ghjq;fisf; fOtp mg;gj;ijAk; jpuhl;ir ,urj;ijAk; jd; clYk; ,uj;jKkhf epidT $w jhNd nra;J fhl;b mijj;  njlHe;J epfo;j;j fl;lisapLfpwhH. fy;thhp kiyapy; epfo;e;j me;jg; gyp ,d;Wk; fy;Fthhpfspy; epfo;e;J nfhz;L jhd; ,Uf;fpd;wd. ,NaR jk; cliy gpwH tho gypahfj; je;jJ Nghy ,f;fy;Fthhpj; njhopyhsHfSk; jq;fsJ cliy rpijj;J gpwH tho jq;fis ,of;fpd;wdH. ,tHfSk; ,NaRitg; Nghy jpahfj;jpd; nrk;ky;fsh? njhpe;J nra;tJ jpahfk;@ njhpahky; Ruz;lg;gLtJ khz;gw;w r%fj; jPik vd;Nw nrhy;yyhk;. jpUtUl;rhjdk; kdpjiu mUSf;F ,l;Lr; nry;Yk;. Mdhy; ,tHfspd; ciog;Ngh ,tHfis ,USf;F ,l;Lr;nry;fpwJ. ew;fUiz rkj;Jtj;ijAk; kdpj khz;igAk; typAWj;JtJ Nghy; Fthhpj; njhopyhsHfspd; kdpj khz;Gk; rkj;JtKk; typAWj;jg;gLtNj ,tHfspd; tho;tpy; J}a ew;fUizj; jpUtUl;rhjdkhFk;.
3.6 khDltpay; nry;Yk; rf kdpjr; #j;jpuk;
     khDltpay; ghHitapy; ,f;Fthhpj; njhopyhsHfisf; fhZk; NghJ ,tHfspd; epiyAk; r%f me;j];Jk; ,tHfis rf kdpjHfshf ,r;r%fk;  elj;jhjJ Nghy; Njhd;WfpwJ. khDltpay; J}f;fpg;gpbf;Fk; rf kdpj khz;ig ,tHfSf;F ,r;r%fKk;> gz;ghLk>; r%f mikg;GNk toq;fhky;  r%ftpay; cstpay; kw;Wk; khDltpay; fz;Nzhl;lj;jpy; ,k;kdpjHfs; rf kdpj tho;T tho tho;thjhuk; ,y;yhj epiyapy; mfg;gl;bUf;fpd;wdH vd;gJ Gydhfpd;wJ. khDl tho;tpd; #oy;> gz;ghL> Nkk;ghL Nghd;wtw;iw fzf;fpy; Nfhs;Sk; khDltpay; Neha; tpistpf;Fk; J}rpAk; Mgj;Jk; epiwe;j #oypy; cliyr; rpijj;J capiu rpwpJ rpwpjhf ,oe;J kdpj Neaj;ij ,of;Fk; ,tHfSf;F khDltpay; $Wk; ghlk; vd;d?  rl;lk;> xOq;F> epajp> rkj;Jtk;> eytho;T> kdpj tho;tpd; fl;likg;G kw;Wk; $Wfs; Mfpatw;iwg; gw;wp NgRk; khDltpay; ,tHfisAk; cs;slf;fpj; jhd; NgRfpd;wJ@ ,tHfisAk; rf kdpjHfshfj;jhd; ghHf;fpd;wJ vd;gjpy; ve;jtpj re;NjfKk; ,y;iy.
3.7 khDlk; fhf;Fk; fpwpj;jt khDltpay;
,iwtd; kdpjiuj; jk; rhaypy; jiyahdg; gilg;ghfg; gilj;jpUf;fpwhH@ ,jdhy; midtUk; rkk;. kdpjH ,iwtdhy; rpwg;ghfg; gukhpf;fgLgtH vd;Wk; ,aw;ifapd; gzpahs; vd;Wk; $WfpwJ. kdpjH ghtj;jpy; tpo ,NaR fpwp];Jthy; kPl;fg;gLfpd;wdH. ,NaRtpd; kDTUntLj;jy; ,e;j khDlj;ij Nkd;ikf;Fs;shf;fpaJ. cly; Md;kh vd;fpw fl;likg;Gf;Fs; kdpjk; KOikailfpd;wJ. ,NaR fpwp];Jtpd; capHg;Gk; cliy kfpikg;gLj;jpAs;sJ. capHg;G ehspy; khdplH midtUk; clYld; vOg;gg;gLtH vd;gJk; epiwTfhy ek;gpf;ifahf cs;sJ. rkj;Jtk;> Mz; ngz; rkepiy> ve;jg; ghFghby;yh khDlk; vd;gJ fpwpj;jt khDltpaypy; typAWj;jg;gLfpd;wd. fy;Fthhpj; njhopyhsHfspd; epiyf;F rkjJt rkThpikNa rpwe;j gjpypUg;ghf mikAk;.
3.8 ,iwthf;fpdH vq;Nf?
,iwthf;fpdH ,iwj;jpl;lj;ij kdpj khz;ghf mwptpj;jdH@ mePjpiaj; jl;bf;Nfl;ldH> cld;gbf;ifiaf; fl;bnaOg;gp kWfl;likg;G nra;jdH> jPtpukhfr; nrayhw;wpdH. ,iwj;jpl;lkhfpa ey tho;Tf;Fj; jilahf ,Ug;git midj;ijAk; fz;ldk; nra;jdH(MNk] ;5:24@ 6:7@ 8:11-12 vNukpah5:26-29@ 27:8@ 32:1-5 vrh 1:13-17@ 10:1-4@ 11:1@ 40-43  ). kdpjiu mopf;Fk; nray;ghLfisf; fz;L ntFz;nlOe;jdH. fy;Fthhp njhopyhsHfspd; epiyAk; kWfl;likg;G nra;aNtz;bapUf;fpd;wJ. Fiwthdf; $ypf;F epiwthdj; jPq;if ,ytrkhfg; ngWk; ,tHfisf; fhg;ghw;w ,d;W ,iwthf;fpdHfs; cjpf;f Ntz;Lk;. jPikiar; Rl;bf; fhl;b mijf; fz;ldk; nra;J fOkuj;jpy; Vw;w ,d;W ,iwthf;fpdHfspd; tPujPu Kof;fq;fs; Njit.  ,iwthf;fpdHfspd; nray;fs; jpUtptpypaj;jpy; Kbe;J Nghd xd;wy;y@ mit ,d;Wk; njhlug;gl Ntz;ba xd;W.
3.9 Gj;njhsp: ,d;iwa ,iwthf;fpdH
     jpz;Lf;fy;iy rhHe;j jpU.Qhdkzp (55) vd;gtH fy;Fthhpj; njhopyhsH FLk;gj;jpy; gpwe;jtH. fj;Njhypf;f mUl;gzpahsHfshy; elj;jg;gLk; gs;spapy; gbj;jtH. md;G> fdpT Nghd;wg; gz;Gfisg; gw;wp ,tH gs;sp ehl;fspy; gbj;jpUf;fpwhH. rkj;Jt rKjha ,af;fj;jpy; NrHe;J Fthhpj; njhopyhsHfspd; eyd;fSf;fhfg; ghLgl KbT nra;jhH. fy; Fthhpj; njhopyhsHfspd; fbd ciog;gpd;wp tPLfNsh> khspiffNsh> ghyq;fNsh> Nkk;ghyq;fNsh> njhopw;rhiyfNsh> mYtyq;fNsh> ePjpkd;wq;fNsh> NfhtpNyh> mjDs; cs;s flTNsh ,Uf;f KbahJ vd;Wf; $WfpwhH. ,tH Fthhpj; njhopyhsH eytho;T rq;fk; vd;w muR rhu epWtdj;ij epWtp Fthhpj; njhopyhsHfspd; xUq;fpize;j tho;Tf;fhf cioj;J tUfpwhH.
Fthhpj; njhopyhsH eytho;T rq;fj;jpd; Nehf;F:
     ePjpAs;s r%f epiyia rkkhd nghUshjhu> murpay;> r%f> gz;ghl;L #o;epiyapy; vy;NyhUf;Fk; fy;tp kw;Wk; midj;J ciof;Fk; kf;fSk; kdpj khz;Gld; tho NtzLk; vd;gJ.
     KONeuf; fy;tpapd; topahf ,f;Fthhpj; njhopyhsHfisr; rq;fq;fspy; xUq;fpizj;J nrayhw;wy; ngwr; nra;tJ ,e;epWtdj;jpd; Nghf;fhf ,Uf;fpwJ.
gzpfs;:
·         jkpo;ehl;by;; Fthhpj; njhopyhsHfis xUq;fpizg;gJ.
·         rpwe;jj; jiytHfisAk; tpUg;gg;gzpahsHfisAk; cUthf;FtJ.
·         fy; Fthhpfspy; njhopyhsH chpikfis epiyehl;LtJ.
·         ngz; njhopyhsHfis xUq;fpizg;gJ.
·         Fthhpfspd; epiyikfis Ma;T nra;J mtw;iw Mtzq;dshfg; gjpT nra;tJ.
·         Fthhpfspy; tpgj;jpy; ghjpf;fg;gLNthUf;F rhpahd ,og;gPl;Lj; njhif fpilf;f top nra;tJ.
·         Fthhpj; njhopyhsHspd; Foe;ijfspd; KO tsHr;rpf;fhf trjp nra;tJ.
·         njhopyhsHfSf;F Ntiyg; ghJfhg;Gk; r%fg; ghJfhg;Gk;  mjpfg;gLj;jg;gl nrayhw;WtJ.
·         Fthhpj; njhopyhsHspd; Foe;ijfSf;F KO Neuf; fy;tpia cWjp nra;jy;.
·         Fthhpj; njhopyhsHfspd; cly; eyj;ij Nkk;gLj;JtJ.

     ,e;epWtdk; jkpo;ehl;by;; 12 khtl;lq;fspy; rpwg;ghf nrayhw;wp tUfpd;wJ. ,e;epWtdk; 39 KO Neug; gzpahsHfisAk; 62 tpUg;gg;gzpahsHfisAk; nfhzL ,aq;fp tUfpd;wJ. 43 rpWf; FOf;fis mikj;J RkhH 100 tof;Ffisj; jPHj;J itj;Js;sJ. gs;spg; gbg;gpy; ,ilepWj;jk; nra;ag;gl;l 52 rpwhHfis kPz;Lk;  gs;spapy; NrHj;Js;sJ. 161 rpwhHfis cz;L- ciwtplg; gs;spfspy; gapw;Wtpf;fpd;wJ.

3.10 xLf;Fk; cyfkakhf;fy;
,d;iwa  cyfkakhf;fy; vd;wg; gz;ghl;by; clikfisg; gfpHtpd;wpf; Ftpf;Fk; kdg;Nghq;F epyTfpd;wJ. ,NaR > nry;tj;jpw;Fk; flTSf;Fk; gzpGhpa KbahJ vd;W $WfpwhH (kj; 6:24). nry;tj;jpd; epiyaw;wj; jd;ikia czHe;jtuha; Njitahdtw;iwj; Njitf;Nfw;wthW gad;gLj;Jk; kdg;ghd;ik kdpj khd;ig tsHg;gjhf mikfpd;wJ. mdhij> me;epaH> vspNahH> tpjitfs; (tpg 22:21-24) MfpnahUf;fhdf; fhprid ,];uhNay; kf;fsplk; ,Uf;f ahNt flTs; mwpTWj;Jfpd;whH. ,d;W msTf;F kPwpa nrhj;J Ftpf;Fk; gz;ghLk;> Njitf;F Nky; nghUl;fisr; NrHj;J itj;J rf kdpjUf;F cjthj epiyia fhz;fpd;Nwhk;. ,J kdpjg; gz;ghL MfhJ. gfpHNt ey;kdpjg; gz;ghl;bd; tsHr;rp.
3.11 jpUr;rigapd; rl;lq;fs; kw;Wk; Nfhl;ghLfs;
jpUr;rigapd; rl;lq;fs midj;Jk; kdpj khz;igf; fhg;gjhfTk; Md;khf;fspd; kPl;ig Nehf;fkhfTk; mikfpd;wJ. mePjp> mbikj;jdk;> kdpj khd;ig rPHFiyg;gJ> capH thjid (jpUr;rigapd; rl;l vz;fs; 1041> 1211> 1324> 1397> 1452) cliyr; rpijg;gJ> twpNahuhf;Fjy; Mfpait jpUr;rigapd; rl;l xOq;FfSf;Fg; Gwk;ghdit. jpUr;rigr; rl;lj; njhFg;G jpUr;rig vd;w epWtdj;ijf; fl;bf; fhf;f Vw;gLj;jg;gl;l xd;W vd;W ehk; $wptpl KbahJ. flTs; kdpjuhdhH vd;w kiwAz;ikf;F rhd;W gfHtNj ,j;jpUr;rigapDila flikAk; jiyahdg; gzpAkhf cs;sJ. me;j ,iw epfo;tpd; njhlHr;rpahf ,j;jpUl;rig ,iwahl;rpapd; tpOkpaq;fSf;F cUnfhLj;J mUl;rhjdq;fspd; thapyhf tsg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ.
kf;fis xLf;Fk; mikg;GfisAk; rf;jpfisAk; vjpHj;J kf;fspd; #oikTf;F Vw;g fpwpj;Jtpd; kPl;Gr; nraiyg; nghUshf;fk; nra;tJld; me;je;j #oYf;F Vw;wthW ew;nra;jpapd; gbg;gpidfis kWthrpg;G nra;J Jd;gg;gLk; khDlj;ij fhf;fTk; Nkk;gLj;jTk; jpUr;rigahdJ Kaw;rpf;fpd;wJ. fpwpj;J jUk; kPl;G vy;yh kf;fSf;Fk; chpaJ vd;W nrhd;dhy; vy;yh kf;fSk; ,d;Gw;W tho;tNj ,iwahl;rp. fpwpj;J jUk; kPl;G ntWk; Md;k MWjy; kl;Lky;y@ epiyf;Fiye;NjhUk; epiytho;T ngWtjpy; jhd; fpwpj;Jtpd; kPl;G epfo;T Koikailfpd;wJ. fpwpj;J njhlq;fpa ,e;j epfo;Tf;F kdpj xj;Jiog;G md;id khpahs; topahf Njitg;gl;lJ. Mifahy; jhd; jpUr;rigahdJ md;id khpahis caHj;jpg;gpbj;J fpwpj;jt tho;tpw;F Kd;khjphpahf itf;fpd;wJ. me;j md;id tpLjiy tho;tpw;Fk; xU MzpNtuhf ,Uf;fpwhH. fy; Fthhp njhopyhsHfspd; kPl;G xU Md;kPfr; rlq;fhfNth> gf;jp Kaw;rpfshfNth ek;gpf;iff; Nfhl;ghl;bw;Fs; mlf;fptpl KbahJ. eytho;tpw;fhd ek;gpf;iff; $Wfshd cly;-cs;seyNk ,tHfSf;F ew;nra;jpahf mikAk;.

Fthhpj; njhopyhsHfspd; eyd;fisf; fUj;jpy; nfhz;L mtHfspd; Nkk;ghl;bw;fhff; fPo;f;fz;l topKiwfis eilKiwg; gLj;JtJ mtHfspd; tho;tpy; tsikiaf; nfhz;LtUtjhf mikAk;.
·         XUq;fpizf;f;g;glhjj; njhopyhsHfSf;fhfTk; mtHfspd; chpikfSf;fhfTk; cioj;jpLk; eythhpak; $l;likg;G rq;fq;fspd; topahf ,ize;J  ,e;j kf;fspd; xUq;fpize;j Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;fhf ciof;f Nghuhl ghLgLtJ.
·         ,J Nghd;W kw;w jPq;fpiof;Fk; njhopypy; ,Ug;NghUf;Fk; tpspg;GzHtk; ,tHfspd; tho;T Nkk;gl  top nra;J  khw;Wj; njhopYf;F toptFf;Fk; nray;fis Jhpjg;gLj;JtJ.
·         ,f;Fthhpfspy; Ntiy nra;NthUf;F cjtpahf mtHfSf;F Vw;w tho;Thpik trjpfisAk; khz;Gld; tho Njitahf ,Uf;Fk;; nray;fspy; cjTjy;.
·         cly; eyk;> fy;tp> Nghjpa Cjpak;> ghJfhg;G vjpHfhyj; Njitfs; Nghd;witfis ,tHfSk; ,tHfspd; FLk;gq;fSk; ngw NghwhLtJ.
·         tho;tpd; tpspk;gpy;eRf;fg;gLk; ,tHfSfF nra;ag;gLk;;;;;;;;;;;;;; mePjr; nray;fis vjHj;J rl;l cjtpAk;  ,tHfSf;F  Njit.  mtw;iw ,tHfSf;F toq;f Kw;gLtJ.
·         rf kdpjiu Nghy; vy;yh eyd;fis ngw;W tho rpwg;ghf nghUshjhuj;jpYk; r%f rk chpikfspYk; ,tHfs; caHT ngw muR mspf;Fk; rYiffis ,tHfSf;Fg; ngw;Wj; jUtJld; ,tHfspd; epiyia muRk; kf;fSk; mwpa ,tHfisg; gw;wpa nra;jpfisAk; tho;tpay; Nghf;FfisAk; Clfq;fs; topahf mwptpg;gJ. 
·         Ra cjtpf; FOf;fspd; thapyhfTk; muR epWtdq;fs; thapyhfTk; ,tHfSf;F xUq;fpize;J khiy Neuf;fy;tp> nrhe;jkhfj; njhopy; Mukpf;f tha;g;Gfs;> flDjtp kw;Wk; njhopy; nra;a gapw;rp kw;Wk; Gj;njOr;rpAk; ek;gpf;ifAk; tsu Kfhk; elj;Jjy;.
·         ,tHfSf;F kUj;Jt cjtpGhpa kUj;JtKfhk; elj;jp clyeyj;ij Nrhjpj;J Vw;gl;l Rfkpd;ikf;Ff; Fzk;fpilf;f top tFg;gJ.
·         kd eyj;ijr; rPH nra;Ak; tpjj;jpy; Mw;Wg;gLj;JjYk; cstpay; hPjpahf cjtp ngwTk; Kfhk;fs; elj;Jjy;.
·         r%fg;ghJfhg;Gk; kw;Wk; Ntiyg; ghJfhg;Gk; ngw toptFg;gJ.
·         rkj;Jt rKjha ,af;fk; kw;Wk; Fthhpj; njhopyhsHfs; eytho;T mikg;GfNshL ,ize;J nghUshjhu> murpay;> r%f gz;ghl;L hPjpahf ePjpAs;s  epiyapy; kdpj khz;Gs;stHfshf tho top nra;Ak; tpjj;jpy; Fthhpj;njhopyhshHfis xd;W NrHj;J mtHfspd; tho;Thpikf;fhf tpopg;GzHTld; NghuhLtJ ,tHfSf;F eytho;it toq;Fk; vd;gjpy; Iakpy;iy.
·         ,j;njhopiyNa khz;Gld; nra;a ,tHfSf;F mikg;G hPjpahd cjtpfs; nra;jy;.
·         mbg;gilj; Njitfis  epiwT nra;Ak; tpjj;jpy;  eykhd #oypy; MNuhf;fpakhd tho Kaw;rp vLg;gJ.
·         ,tHfs; rhpahd $ypiag; ngw ,af;fq;fs; topahf fz;fhzpg;gJ.
·         tpgj;J> ,wg;G> Fthhp Ntiynra;tjhy; Vw;gLk; ghjpg;Gf;fSf;Fk; Neha;fSf;Fk; Qhakhd ,og;gPL ,tHfSf;Ff; fpilf;f top tFg;gJ.
·         Ntiyahs; chpikfis epiyehl;lTk;> ngz; njhopyhsHfSf;Fg; ghJfhg;G toq;fTk;> ,tHfspd; Foe;ijfSf;F Kiwahdf; fy;tp fw;Fk; tha;g;ig Vw;gLj;JtJk; ,tHfspd; tho;tpy; Mf;fg;G+Htkhd FWf;fPLfshf mikAk;.














Jizepd;w E}y;fs;
Mde;j;> kJiu. cile;J cUnfhLf;f> ew;fUiz ,iwapay;> ,ja ,iwapwy; ntspaPL> nrd;id> 2000
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Lapsley, James .N. Salvation and Heaslth- The interlocking process of Life,  The Westminister Press, Philadelphia, 1998
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Mathews, C.M.E.& Benjamin, V.  Changing Health Beliefs and Practices in Rural Tamilnadu, Indian Social Institute, New Delhi. 1981
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5.1 tiyj;jsq;fs;
www.cry.org/projects/tamilnaduprojest4.htm(20.10.2011)
www.dalitandtribe.wordpress.com(20.10.2011)
http://www.envisnioh.org/occupational -hazards.htm(25.10.2011)
http://qwds.org/aboutus.htm( 20.10.2011)                                               







                             



[1]   Cf. Translated by me, http://www.websters-online-dictionary.org/definition, browsed on 25.10.2011

[2] Cf. Translated by me, “Quary Workers’ Development Society- About us” , Gnanamani,    http://qwds.org/aboutus.html , browsed on 25.10.2011
[3] Cf. Translated by me, http://www.envisnioh.org/occupational -hazards.htm , browsed on 25.10.2011
[4] Cf. Translated by me,  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/silicosis, browsed on 25.10.2011
[5]    Cf.Translated by me, http://qwds.org/aboutus.htm, browsed on 25.10.2011
[6] Cf.Translated by me, http://www.faqs.org/health/topics/24/Occupation-safety-and-health.htm,    browsed on 25.10.2011