Sunday, March 4, 2018

Missionaries in Our Families
( appeared in The Examiner Vol 168 No 43 Oct 28 to Nov 03 2017)
Fr.M.A.Leo Anand SJ
On this mission Sunday we gratefully think of all those self-transcended persons-starting from St. Thomas the Apostle, who toiled for our faith from far of countries without whom we wouldn’t have known Christ . And now the time has come when we are sending out missionaries to countries which once up on a time had sent missionaries to our land. We also feel that we need to do more in terms of evangelization in our own context; not in terms of religious conversion but spreading the fragrance of the Gospel- that is to live and witness the kingdom values. The Church is missionary by nature and Pope Francis in his message on the world mission day underlines the mission at the heart of the Christian Faith. To support mission is not only sharing our material wealth but the wealth of the gospel itself which has influenced and nourished us. Jesus proclaimed the good news as he began his public ministry. The same message of Jesus is proclaimed in and through our lives in terms of faith taking its concrete actions in our life situations. It all starts from a personal witnessing to the gospel. We always think that being a mission is to evangelize someone else. Personal transformation and witnessing is the first step to be a missionary. The world today teaches us to be more self-centred. Jesus always went about doing good to others. To transcend oneself is the primary step to be a missionary in our personal lives.
Secondly, people think and has been so, that to become a missionary means to become a priest or a religious and to be sent to a foreign land. What about being a missionary in a family? There is enough and more space in the domestic church- the family, to be evangelised by the witness of its own members. In fact, priests and religious come from families, they receive the call when they are in the families and they respond to it as members of a family. Being a part of a Christian family invites us to respond to imitate Jesus who grew up in a family, to be like Mary who surrendered herself to the plan of God and lived in a family. In today’s context, were there are more threats to the family life it is necessary that each one in a family learns to become a missionary in his or her own family.
In the early church to be a witness to the gospel means to become a martyr. Later religious life and apostolic spiritualities has given shape to the mode of evangelization. These always presupposed personal conversion and belief in the gospel before proclaiming it. To be a missionary is a call to everyone to live out the faith genuinely according to his or her own state of life. To highlight the need of the hour, we need missionaries in our own families who will be visible and tangible examples of faith, hope and love, from whom we can learn the value of sacrifice, from whom we could learn how to forgive when the secular society is busy with imparting hatred, division and propagating a culture of death. It is a call to live out our Christian vocation within our realms of lives whether be it families, consecrated life or in our society at large. Even a toddler is a missionary who smiles and befriends a stranger and becomes a witness of happiness. A school going child becomes a missionary in learning the basic lessons of faith from the parents. A teenager is a missionary who now learns to take responsibility of one’s own faith. A youth is a missionary who on seeing the life situations can take a stand for Christ. Parents are missionaries who can witness more tangibly to their children in terms of faith, love and sacrifice. Adults and Grandparents become an enduring missionary who are a sign of hope, patience and accomplishment. Celibates becomes a missionary by the undivided heart with which they are bonded to the Lord and always available for his work.  Am I aware of the mission entrusted to me? Our families are the mission land which needs more of evangelization from each of us. Our roles denote a purpose for which we are sent forth in to our own families. When we begin to realize our faith responsibilities we become apostles and missionaries, personally and collectively starting our mission within ourselves, within our families and spreading our parishes and communities, our larger societies and localities with peace and joy of the gospel. It is to realize and remind ourselves of this call we celebrate the mission Sunday. It is not by preaching in vast geography and travel that we become missionaries but by witnessing personally.


Thursday, July 24, 2014

Occupational Health Hazards ( Tamil)

capiuf;  Fbf;Fk; ciog;G
1 capiug; gzak; itj;J
nrd;id tpkhd epiyaj;jpw;Ff; fpof;Nf 2 fpNyh kPl;lH J}uj;jp;y; mike;Js;sJ jphpR+yk; vd;w efug; gQ;rhaj;J.  ehd;F jpirfspYk; Fd;Wfisf; nfhz;l ,g;gFjpapy; tho;NthH midtUk;  FbNawpatHfs;.   gQ;rk; gpiof;f jpUney;Ntyp kw;Wk; jkpofj;jpd; njd;gFjpfspYUe;Jk;> jpUtz;zhkiy> tpOg;Guk; Nghd;w gFjpfspypUe;Jk; te;J ,q;F jq;fspd; gpiog;igj; Njbf;  nfhz;L tho;it efHj;JgtHfs;.   mg;gbg;gl;l egHfs; jhd; ,q;F gUk;ghyhNdhH. ,tHfis ikakhf itj;J vOe;j mDgtq;fisg; gjpT nra;fpNwd;.
     rpWtajpNyNa xU fz;ghHitia ,oe;jtH rthpak;khs;@  taJ 55. ,tUk; ,tuJ fztUk; ,ize;J jpdKk; fy;Fthhpf;Ff; fy; cilf;f, kw;Wk; fy;fis yhhpfspy; epug;gTk;  nry;YthHfs;.  ,tHfSf;F ,uz;L kfd;fs; kw;W xU kfSk; cz;L.  ,tHfs; jpdKk;  Ntiyf;Fr; nrd;W 8 kzp Neuk; fLikahd Ntiy nra;jhYk; ,tHfs; tho;tpy; tsik xd;Wk; njd;gltpy;iy. FbapUg;gJ gj;Jf;F gj;J mb vd;w $iu tPL. mJTk; xU thlif tPLjhd;.  Nkl;by; mike;jpUf;Fk; mf;Fbir tPl;By; trpj;J tUk; ,tHfSf;F jpdKk; fy;Yilj;jhy; jhd;  tapw;Wf;Fr; NrhW.   %j;j kfd; jq;fs; tPl;by; tpUe;jhspahf te;jpUe;j jpUkzkhd jd; rpj;jp kfSld; nrd;W tpl;lhd;.  ed;whf yhhp-Xl;LeH Ntiy ghHj;J rk;ghjpg;gij ngw;NwhUf;F nfhLj;jjpy;iy.   tPl;il tpl;L  Nghdtd; jpUk;gp tu MtNyhL   fhj;jpUf;Fk; ngw;NwhH.  ,isa kfd; ,g;NghJ ,sq;fisg; gl;lg;gbg;ig Nkw;nfhz;Ls;shH.  tpLKiw ehl;fspy; ,tUk; ngw;NwhUld; NrHe;J fyf;Fthpf;Ff; fy;Yilf;fr; nry;YthH.  filf;Fl;bahd kfs; ,sk;gps;is thjj;jhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;ltH.  me;jf; $iu tPNl  ,tuJ cyfk;.   rkay; nra;tJ> Jzpj; Jitg;gJ kw;Wk; tPl;il fhty; fhj;Jf; nfhs;tJjhd; ,tuJ md;whl Ntiy.   fy;FthhpapypUe;J tUk; Jhrpf; fhw;W J}rpahy; tPl;il epug;Gk;.  fbd Ntiy nra;tjhy; rthpak;khs;; kw;Wk; mtuJ fzthpd; cly; nkype;J NrhHTw;W gyfPdkhff; fhzg;gLk;.   tho;Tf;F VNjh xU rpW top nra;jhYk; fy;Fthpj; njhopy; ehsiltpy; capiuf; Fbf;fj; njhlq;FfpwJ.  cliy rpijj;J capiug; gzak; itj;J cioj;J XlhFk; epiy.  cly; eyf; NfLfis tutiof;Fk;   ,f;fy;Fthhpj; njhopy; er;Rj;jd;ik tha;e;jjhf mikfpd;wJ.


     Nkhpak;khs;> taJ 50,  fle;j 30 Mz;Lfshf jphpR+yj;jpy; trpg;gtH. jhDk; jd; fztUk; fy;Fthhpapy;  jpdKk; Ntiyf;Fr; nrd;W tho;itj; js;SfpwtHfs;.   taJf;F mjpfkhd Njhw;wKs;s KJikia ,tHfsplk; ghHf;fyhk;.  fy;J}f;fp tisj;j KJF fisg;gha; cs;s Njhw;wk;, tWikapd; gpbAk;, fbd Ntiyapd; gSTk; epiwe;j tho;it tho;e;J nfhz;bUf;Fk; ,tHfSf;F xU kfDk; kfSk; cs;sdH. kfDf;Fj; jpUkzkhfp rpy khjq;fNs MfpwJ. kfs; jpUkzkhfp kzKwpT ngw;wtH.   taJ 30 vd;whYk; mg;ngz;Zf;F 45taJ MdJ Nghy; KJikahd Njhw;wk;.  tho;tpy; tpuf;jp mile;j epiyapy; Ntiyf;Fg; Nghdhy;  jhd; czT> ciwtplk; vd;W ,tHfs;  ,f;fy;Fthpf;F  thf;fg;gl;lJ Nghy; ,e;j Ntiyf;Nf nry;fpd;wdH.   rpwpJ rpwpjhf cliyr; rpijf;Fk; ,e;j Ntiyf;Fj; jq;fisNa ifaspf;fpd;wdH. fy;Fthhpia Vyk; vLj;J gz Kjiyfs; gzj;ijf; Nfhbf;fzf;fpy; ms;spf; nfhz;L Ngha; nrhFrhf tho;fpd;wtHfsplj;jpy; jq;fs; capiuf; nfhLj;J gypahfpd;wdH  ,e;j mg;ghtp kf;fs;.
tWikapy; thbdhYk; ,k;kf;fs; ,f;fy;Fthhpia tpl;L Nghd ghby;iiy.  tho;itf; nfhQ;rk;  nfhQ;rkhff; Fbf;Fk; ,e;jj; njhopypy; jq;fs; cliy ,oe;J cly; eyj;ijAk; rpy Ntisfspy; capiuANk ,oe;J epw;Fk; ,tHfs; cly; eyf; Nfl;Lf;F cs;shfp rpWJ rpWjhf jq;fs; tho;it ,of;fpd;wdH.  jq;fspd; mbg;gilj; NjitfSf;fhf jq;fisNa ,of;Fk; tpNdhj tpjp. FbNeha; cwTr;rpf;fy;> Nghijg; gz;ghL> kd cisr;ry;cly;eyf;Nfl;lhy; tUk; gzneUf;fb, FLk;gr; rpijTfs; njhlHe;J eilngWk; jw;nfhiyfs;, nghUshjhu neUf;fb kw;Wk; gy ,d;dy;fSf;F ,tHfs; Mshfpd;;wdH.
       Ntiyfpilj;jhYk; mjd; tpisT Jd;gj;ijAk; NehiaAk; milfpwhHfs;. capHtho capiu ,of;f Ntz;bapUf;fpd;wJ.  cliyg;ghJfhf;f tha;g;gpy;yhj epiyapy;  clYf;Fk; capUf;FkpilNa Nghuhl;lk;.   cliy tUj;Jtjhy; capiu ,of;Fk; epiy.  ciog;G capiuf; Fbf;Fk; epiyapy; ,tHfs; ,g;gb tpopg;GzzHT ngwhky; ,Ug;gJ kdpj khz;Gf;Ff; NfL tpistpf;Fk; epiyNa.
       fy;Fthhpfspy;  Ntiy nra;jy; vd;gJ rhjhuz nray; my;y.  clk;ig itj;J  fbdkhf  ciog;gtHfshy; kl;LNk ,t;Ntiyfisr; nra;a   ,aYk;. ,f;fbd ciog;ghy; ,tHfs; ngWk; $ypNah nrhw;gk;.  ,t;Tiog;ghy; ,tHfs; ngUk; cly; eyf;Nfl;L;f;F  cs;shf;fg; gLfpd;wdH.  VNjh NtW topapy;yhky; ,q;F khl;bf;nfhz;ltHfs; ,t;NtiyiaNa ek;gpf; fhyj;ijf; fopf;fpd;wdH.
cly; ciog;ghy; NeHikahf kjpg;Gld; thOk; ,tHfs; jq;fSf;F kiwKfkhf Vw;gLk; cly;eyf;NfLfis mwpa Kw;gLtjpy;iy. mtw;iw mwpe;jhYk; nghpjhf vLj;Jf; nfhs;tjpy;iy.  ,tHfspd;  epiyiag; ghHf;Fk; NghJ ,tHfisg; gw;wp mwpa vOk;  Ma;Tf; Nfs;tpfs;.
1.1 Ma;Tf; Nfs;tpfs;
,tHfSf;F Vw;gLk; cly; eyf;NfLfs; ahit? rpwpJ rpwpjhf ,tHfisj; jhf;Fk; Neha;fSk; mjd; tpisTfSk; vg;gbapUf;Fk;?
J}rpapYk;, rj;jj;jpYk; vg;NghJNk Ntiy nra;Ak; ,tHfis ,it vt;thW ghjpf;fpd;wd?
er;Rj; jd;ikAs;s ,lj;jpy; gzpGhpAk; ,tHfs; vt;thW ghjpf;fg;gLfpd;whHfs;? 
fy;Fthhpf;F mUfpNyNa trpf;Fk; ,tHfisf; fy;Fthhpapd; khRj; jd;ik ,tHfspd; ,ay;G tho;it vt;thW ghjpf;fpwJ? 
mbg;gilj;Njitfisf; $l epiwT nra;a Kbahj epiyapy; ,Uf;Fk; ,tHfs; tpspk;gpw;Fj; js;sg;gLk; mtyk; kdpj khz;ig vg;gbf; Fiyf;fpd;wJ? 












2 Ma;thf  
2.1 ahH ,e;jf; Fthhpj; njhopyhspfs;?   
            “fy;Fthhpfspy; ntbitj;Jj; jfHf;fg;gl;l fw;fis rpW ry;ypfshf rk;gl;b> Rj;jpay; nfhz;L cilj;Jr; NrHg;gtHfs;.  cilf;fg;gl;l fw;fis yhhpapy; epwg;gTk;, kw;Wk; fy;Fthhpfspy; ghiw kiyfspy; ntb itj;J jfHf;fg;gl;l fUq;fw;fis Nrfhpj;J, msT ghHj;J mtw;iw NeHj;jpnra;J kw;Wk; ntt;NtW msTfshfg; gphpj;J, cilj;J mtw;iw ms;sp yhhpfspy; epug;GtJk; ,tHfsJ md;whl Ntiyahf  mikfpd;wJ.  fbd ciog;ig Nkw;nfhs;Sk; ,tHfs; rKjhaj;jpy; kpfTk; gpd;jq;fpa epiyapy; thOk; tpspk;g epiy kf;fs;”.[1]
     gy;NtW CHfspypUe;J Ntiyj;Njb ,lk;ngaHe;jtHfs>; gbg;gwpTf;F topapy;yhky; nrhe;j CHfspy; gpiof;f topapy;yhky; ,f;fy;FthhpfSf;Ff;  fy; cilf;Fk; fbd Ntiyf;Fr; nry;fpd;wdH. rpy Ntiyfspy;  nfhj;jbikfshfTk; gy Mz;Lfs; mbikg;gl;L chpikapoe;j epiyapy; jq;fsJ md;whlj; Njitfisf; $l epiwT nra;a Kbahky; jj;jspj;J Nghfpd;wdH.  jq;fspd; mty epiyia czHtjw;Fs; Neha;tha;g;gl;L ,we;Jk; tpLfpd;wdH. fy;Yilj;jy; ntWk; cly; typikia kl;Lk; ghjpg;gJ fpilahJ.  gy;NtW Nfhzq;fspy; ,j;njhopy; kdpj tho;itf; Fj;jp Fiyj;Jr; rpijj;J tpLtij Ma;thsHfs; Muha;r;rpapy; fz;LzHe;Js;sdH.
2.2 ,aw;nghUs;NfLfs;
     mjpf ntg;gk; kw;Wk; Fspuhy; fy;Fthhpfspy; Ntiy nra;NthH mjpf NrhHTf;Fs;shf Ntz;baepiy.  fy;Fthhpfs;  gs;sj;jpy; my;yJ kiyfs; Fd;Wfs; R+o;e;Js;s gFjpfshf ,Ug;git.  Mifahy; mq;F ntg;gk; ntspNaWtjhw;Fk; FspHepiyapypUe;J ntg;gkilaTk; tha;g;Gfs; kpff;FiwthfNt ,Uf;Fk;.   ,jdhy;  gy;NtW cly;  eyf; NfLfs; cUntLf;Fk;   tha;g;Gfs; cs;sd.
     mjpf ntg;gj;jpdhy; ntg;gr;NrhHT, ntg;gg;Gz;fs; , %is ghjpg;GNjhypy; Vw;gLk; ntg;g  ntbg;Gfs;, mjpfr; NrhHthy; tUk; epiyj;jLkhw;wk; kw;Wk; mjdhy; Vw;gLk; tpgj;Jf;fs; tpistJ cliy gythW thl;b tpLfpd;wJ.  mjpff;Fsphpdhy; ghjq;fspy; ,uj;j Xl;lk; ,y;yhky;  ciwe;J Ngha; nraypoe;J tpLtJk; tof;fk;.  cly; ntg;gKk; Fiwa mjpf tha;g;Gs;sjhy; ,uj;j Xl;lj;ij ghjpg;gjhf mikfpd;wJ. RkhH 100000 fy;Fthhpj; njhopyhsHfs; jkpo;ehl;bd; 12 khtl;lq;fspy; Ntiy nra;J tUfpd;wdh[2];.  
2.3 xsp
     njhopyhsHfSf;F fy;Fthhpfspy; mjpfg;gbahd xsp ,Ug;gjhYk; rpy Mokhd Fthhpfspy;  kpff;Fiwthd msT xsp ,Ug;gjhYk; rpf;fy;fs; cUntLf;fpd;wd.   mjpf xsp fz;fisf; $rr; nra;tjhy; fz;ghHit kq;f tha;g;Gs;sJ.   xsp Fiwthf ,Uf;Fk;NghJ fz;fSf;F mjpf mOj;jKk;,   typAk; Vw;gl;L fz;fis ntFthf ghjpf;fpd;wd.  Xsp fz;fis VNjDk;   xU topapy; ghjpf;Fk; NghJ tpgj;Jf;fs; epfoTk; mjpf tha;g;Gfs; cs;sd.  ,jdhy; ghHit ,og;gJ xUGwk;, Fiwthd ghHitahy; tUk; tpgj;Jf;fs; kWGwk;.
2.4 xyp
     ghiwfis ntb itj;Jj; jfHg;gjhy; mjpfg;gbahd  rj;jk; fhJfis nrtplhff;$l  Mf;fptpLk;.  ,e;jr;rj;jk; jw;fhypfkhfNth epue;jukhfNth nrtpfisr; nraypof;fr; nra;a ty;yJ.   ,e;j khjphpahd xyp miyfs; ga czHTk; kaf;fKk; Ngr;irAk; $l nraypof;f itf;Fk; Mw;wy; nfhz;lit. ehsiltpy; vhpr;rYk; NrhHTk; ,t;nthyp miyfshy;; Vw;gLk; fhaq;fs; me;j miyfspd; neUf;fk; mlHj;jp;iag; nghWj;Nj mikAk;. xUrpyhpd; krptpay;G jd;ikf;Nfw;wgb Nrjq;fSk; mit MokhfTk; tha;g;Gz;L;;.
2.5 mjpHTfs;
     10 Kjy; 500 n`Hl;]; ,ilg;gl;lj; jilt mjpHTfs; fy;Yilf;Fk; fUtpfshy; Vw;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. ,e;j mjpHTfs;  iffisAk; %l;Lf;fisAk; ghjpf;fpd;wJ.  ,e;j mjpHTfis rpy khjq;fNsh my;yJ rpy tUlq;fNsh  njhlHe;;J ngw;W te;jjhy;  ,uj;jf;Foha;fspy; czUk; rf;jp mjpfkhfp tpuy;fis ghjpg;Gf;Fs;shf;fptpLk;.  ,e;j mjpHTfshy;  vYk;G %l;Lfspy; fhak; Vw;gLtJld; Koq;if kw;Wk; Njhs;fisAk; mjpfkhf fhag;gLj;jp vYk;G NfhshWfis Vw;gLj;Jk;.   GwCjhf; fjpHfs; kw;Wk; mZf;fspd; kpd;k ,og;ghYk; ngWtjpdhYk; Vw;gLk; fjpHtPr;R fz;fis ,d;dYf;Fs;shf;Ffpd;wd.   kyl;Lj;jd;ik, ,uj;jg; Gw;W Neha; , Fiwthd tsHr;rp> kuGf; $Wfs; rhHe;j khw;wq;fs;, kw;Wk; ,wg;Gk; $l Vw;gLk;.  ,f;fjpHtPr;rhy; ghjpf;fg;gLk; cWgGf;fspy; kpf nkd;ikahdit vYk;G k[;i[ vd;gJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.

2.6 ,urhadf; NfLfs; 
     vy;yhj;JiwfSNk ,urhadq;fisg; gad;gLj;Jfpd;wd. Gjpa Gjpa ,uhradq;fs; rpf;fyhd tpisTfisg; ngw;Wj; jUfpd;wd. ,urhadg; nghUs;fs; %d;W tpjkhd tpisTfisf; nfhzHfpd;wd. Fwpg;gpl;l ,;lj;jpw;Fhpa nray;ghL,  EfHtjhy; kw;Wk; cl;nfhs;tjhy; Vw;gLk; tpisTfs;. ,e;j ,urhadq;fspd; R+oypy; vt;tsT fhyk; xUtH cl;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;shH, ,urhazk; ve;j mstpy; ,Ue;jd kw;Wk; mthpd; ghjpg;G cz;lhf;fg;gLfpw msitg; nghWj;J jPa tpisTfs; cz;lhFk;.
            “Fwpg;gpl;l ,lj;jpy; nray;ghL: ,urhadq;fs;  Njhypy; gLk;NghJ Gz;ntbg;G,mhpg;G, vhpr;ry; kw;Wk; mjdhy; Vw;gLk; Gw;WNeha;, Njhy; xt;thik kw;Wk; Njhiy ghjpf;Fk; my;yJ Nrjg;gLj;Jk; epiyikAk; te;jilAk[3];.
2.7 EfHtjhy;   
2.7.1 J}rp
     ntbnghUs; nfhz;L ghiwfis cilg;gjhYk; fw;fis cilg;gjhy; , miug;gjhy; fw;fis Vw;WtjhYk; ,wf;FtjhYk; J}rpj;Jfs;fs; me;j Rw;Wr;#oypy; fhw;NwhL fye;J epug;gpapUf;fpd;w epiyapy; mq;Nf gzpahw;Wk; njhopyhsHfspd; Rthrf; Foha;fisAk; EiuaPuy;fisAk; ntFthf ghjpf;fpd;wJ.  0.1 Kjy; 150 ikf;uhd; msT nfhz;l fy;J}rpfs>; 0.5 ikf;uhd; msTs;s J}rpj;Jfs;fs; Neubahf EiuaPuYf;Fs; Eioe;J mq;Nf  jq;fptpLfpd;wd. ,jdhy; epA+NkhNfhdpNah]p]; ]pypNfh]p];  kw;Wk; me;juNfh]p]; Nghd;w EiuaPuy; Neha;fs; Vw;gLk”.[4];
2.7.2 thAf;fs;
     er;R thAf;fshy; %r;R jpduy; kw;Wk; %r;rilg;G epfo;tJ rfIk;. fhHgd; Nkhdhf;i]lhy; Mgj;Jfs; epfo;tJ ,j;jifa Fthhpfspy; nghpa rthy;
2.7.3 cNyhfq;fs;
gy;NtW er;Rj;jd;ikf; nfhz;l cNyhfj; J}rpfs; fhw;NwhL fye;J Rthrf;Foha;fspy; Eiotjhy; gy;NtW jPa tpisTfisAk; cly;eyf; NfLfisAk; Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wd.  ghjurk;> fhl;kpak; > Nfhghy;Lkhq;fdPR> gh];gu];> FNuhkpak;> Jj;jehfk; Kjypa cNyhfq;fspd; J}rpj;Jfs;fs;   jPq;F tpistpf;ff;$bait. 
2.8 cl;nfhs;tjd; topahf
       khRgbe;j iffNshLk;> rhpahf iffisf; fOthky; czT cz;Ztjhy; er;Rj;jd;ikAs;s cNyhfq;fs; czTld; fye;J nry;tjw;F tha;g;Gs;sJ. cl;nfhz;l er;Rg; nghUl;fs; ,uj;jj;jpy; fye;J jPq;F tpistpf;Fk;.
2.9 caphpay; rhHe;j ghjpg;Gfs;
     Neha; cz;lhff; $ba Ez;Zaphpfshd ghf;Bhpah> itu]; kw;Wk; G+Q;irfs; Fthhpapy;; Ntiy nra;Nthiu vspjpy; jhf;f KbAk;. nyg;Nlh];igNuhrp]; vdg;gLk; vypf;fha;r;ry;> Me;juhf;];, ff;Fthd; ,Uky; kw;Wk; gy Neha;fs; ,t;thW njhopyhsHfisj; jhf;Ffpd;wd.
2.10 fUtpfshy;
     thfdk; kw;Wk; fy; Vw;Wk; nghpaf; fUtpfshy; tpgj;Jf;fSk; tpghPjq;fSk; Vw;gLk; mghak; cs;sJ.  fy;Fthhpfspy; epfOk; RkhH 10%  tpgj;Jf;fSf;F fUtpfNs fhuzkhf mikfpd;wd.
2.11 cstpay; hPjpahd ghjpg;Gf;fs;  
     ntWg;Ggjw;wk;, NrhHthd Ntiyapy; kdepiwT ,y;yhikghJfhg;gpd;ik,  NrhHthd kdpj cwTfs;> czHr;rp G+Htkhd gjw;wk; Nghd;wit clystpYk;  kdjstpYk; ghjpg;Gf;fis Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wd.  rpy rkaq;fspy; jq;fs; nrhe;j CHfis tpl;L NtW  ,lq;fSf;Fr; nrd;W FbNawpg; gpiog;gjhy; mtHfspd; fy;tp-gz;ghl;Lg; gpd;dzp> FLk;g tho;T> r%fg; gof;f tof;fq;fs; Gjpa #oypy; khw;wj;jpw;fhd mOj;jq;fisg; ngWfpd;wd. cly;eyk; fPo;f;fz;l ,uz;L tpj cstpay; $Wfshy;  ghjpf;fg;glyhk;.
·         cstpay; nray;ghl;L khw;wq;fis VwgLk; kd mOj;jk; , ntWg;G> jhf;Fk; ,ay;G> vjpHfhyj;ijg;gw;wpa mr;r czHT> Nghijg; gof;fk; Nghd;wit  xUtif.
·         cly; kd hPjpahd Neha;fs;>  jiytyp, Njhs;;fOj;J kw;Wk; KJFg; gFjpfspy; typFly;Gz;, caH ,uj;j mOj;jk;;, ,ja Neha; kw;Wk; JhpjKJik Nghd;witAk; xUtiu tpiuthf ghjpg;Gf;Fs;shfyhk;.  
     ,aw;gpay; kw;Wk; ,urhadj; jPikfis tpl cstpay; hPjpahf Vw;gLk; tpisTfs; Fthhpj; njhopyhspfis ntFthf ghjpf;fpd;wJ.    xsp> xyp Vw;gLj;Jk; tpisTfs; xU njhopyhspapd; %isia mjpfk; ghjpf;fpd;wJ.
     Bry; vQ;rpd; gad;;ghL mjpfk; cs;sjhy; Fthhpfspy; Bry; Gifahy;  EiuaPuy;; Gw;WNeha; Njhd;Wtw;F fhuzkhf mikfpwJ.  Mf;rpId; jl;Lg;ghl;lhy; %r;rilg;Gk; Vw;gLk;.
     vYk;Gfspd; rPH eyf;NfLk; Fthhpj; njhopyhsHfspd; jirfisj; jhf;Fk; xU nfhba jPq;F.  mjpf vilAs;s fw;fis ehs;NjhWk; J}f;fp Rkg;gjdhy; ,tHfspd; jirfSk; vYk;GfSk; jsHr;rp milfpd;wd.   vYk;Gfs; tise;Jk; jirfs; cUkhwpAk;  ,ay;ghd  Kiwapy; nray;glhky; Nghfpd;wd.  ,jdhy; clypd; ,ay;ghd mirTfSk; Rl ,of;f NehpLk;.  ,ay;ghd ,af;fk; ,y;yhky; Ngha;r; nraypof;Fk; epiyia cly; milfpd;wJ.   clypd; ,r;nraypof;fk; caphpog;gpw;F ,l;Lr; nry;fpd;wJ.
2.12 fy;Fthhpapy; ngz;fspd; epiy
     mikg;G rhuhj; njhopyhsHfshf  ,Uf;Fk;  Fthhpj; njhopypy; ngz;fs; kpfTk; my;yy;gLfpd;wdH.   ,tHfSf;F Ntiyg;ghJfhg;G vd;gJ fpilahJ. mjpfkhd cly;eyf; Nfl;bw;F ,tHfs; ,t;Ntiyapd; topahf cl;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. ,jdhy; ,tHfs; kyl;Lj; jd;ikia milaTk; tha;g;Gs;sJ. rhpahdg; ghJfhg;G ,y;yhjjhy; ghypay; gyhj;fhuj;jpw;Fk; ,tHfs; MshfpwhHfs;.  ngz;fs; Fthhpfspd; Jg;GuT njhopyhsHfshf; fUjg;gLfpd;wdH. Fthhpj; njhopw;rhiyapy; fhtyH kw;Wk; caH mjpfhhpfspd; njhy;iyfSf;F  ,tHfs; ngUk;ghYk; MshfpwhHfs;. Fthhpfspy; Jg;GuT njhopyhsHfs; vd;w NghjpYk; ,tHfs; ve;j tpjg;ghJfhg;Gkpd;wp Ntiyapy;
2.13 Foe;ijj; njhopyhsHfs;
     Foe;ij njhopyhsH (jLg;G kw;Wk; xOq;FKiw) vd;w rl;lk; 1986 Foe;ijfis  Fthhp kw;Wk; Ruq;fj; njhopypy;   ; kdeyk;> mwnewp kw;Wk; r%f Nkk;ghl;L epiyfis ,oe;J $ypNtiyapy;
            “,e;jpa murpay; mikg;Gr; rl;lk; vz; 24 Foe;ijj; njhopyhsHfis jLf;fpd;wJ.  njhopyhsH rl;lk; 1951 njhopw;rhiy rl;lk; 1954 kw;Wk; Ruq;fj; njhopy;  rl;lk; 1952  Mfpait Foe;ijj; njhopyhsHfis td;ikahff; fz;bf;fpd;wJ.[5] 
2.14 epWtdq;fSk; Ma;TfSk;
            “njhopy; hPjPahd cly;ey ghjpg;Gf;fisg; gw;wp gy;NtW epWtdq;fs; Ma;Tfs; Nkw;nfhz;Ls;sdH.
·         Njrpa gzp rhHe;j MNuhf;fpa epWtdk;> mfkjhghj;
·         kj;jpaj; njhopyhsH epWtdk;> Kk;ig
·         njhopy; kw;Wk; Rw;W R+oy; MNuhf;fpa ikak;> nly;yp
Nghd;w epWtdq;fs; njhopy; topahf Vw;gLk; cly;eyf; NfLfisg;gw;wp Mokhf Ma;T nra;jpUf;fpd;wdH”.[6]
     fy;Fthhpj; njhopypy; $yp Ntiy nra;Ak; njhopyhsHfs; vt;thnwy;yhk; cly; eyf;NfLfSf;F cs;shfpd;whHfs; vd;gij mwptpay; G+Htkhf fz;Lgpbj;Js;shH.  Njrpa gzp rhHe;j MNuhf;fpa epWtdj;jpy; kl;Lk; 270 mwptpay; epGzHfs; kw;Wk; 60 tpQ;Qhdpfis cs;slf;fp fy;Fthhp njhopypy;
     ,e;epWtdq;fs; vy;yhk; $WtJ Fwpg;gpl;l R+oypy; nra;Ak; cly; ciog;ghy; me;j R+oy; jUk; jPik xU gf;fk; ,Uf;f  me;j njhopNy  gy cly;eyf;NfLfis xUtUf;F ju ty;yJ.  ,j;jifaj; jPq;ifg;gw;wp kf;fs; mwpa Ntz;Lk;.  tpopg;GzHT ngw Ntz;L;k;  ,j;jPq;FfspypUe;J kf;fs; ghJfhf;fg;gl Ntz;Lnkd;Wk; kf;fSk; jq;fisf; fhg;ghw;wpf; nfhs;s Kd;ndr;rhpf;if eltbf;iffisAk; ghpe;Jiu nra;fpd;wd.
     cly;eyr; rpf;fNyhL kdeyr; rpf;fYk; ,ize;J tUk;NghJ mq;Nf fbdkhd #oy; cUntLf;fpd;wJ. cwTfspy; rpf;fyhy; tUk; kd ,Wf;fk; jw;nfhiyf;Fk; ,l;Lr; nry;fpd;wJ.  rpf;fyhd #oiktpdhy; rpy Ntisfspy; ghypay; Kuz;ghLfSk; epfo;fpd;wJ. ntspg;gilahfj; njd;gLk; cly;eyk;> kdeyk; Mfpatw;wpw;F Nky; fz;zhy; fhzKbahj rpf;fy;fshd>  me;j];Jg; GidTfs;> kdpj khz;Gr; rpijTfs; Nghd;witAk; ,tHfis  fPo;kl;lj;jpw;Fj; js;Stjhf mikfpd;wJ. Ntiy epiyahf ,Ue;jhYk; ,tHfspd; nghUshjhuk; epiyaw;wjhfNt cs;sJ.  ,jdhy; ,tHfs; ,e;jf; Fthhpj; njhopiyNa njhlHe;J nra;fpd;wdH.  r%fj;jpy; me;j];jpy;yhj Ntiy> FLk;gj;jpy; rpf;fy; epyTk; R+oy;>  FOtpdUf;Fs;Ns gpsT> xUq;fpizf;fg;glhj njhopyhsHfshf ,Ug;gjhy; KjyhspfsplkpUe;J tUk; mePjr; nray;fs; ,tHfspd; tho;it rpijg;gJ kl;Lky;y tho;itNa rpwpJ rpwpjhf mopf;fpd;wJ.
2.15 Ma;tpd; tpisthf vOk; ,iwapay; Nfs;tpfs;
·         rpwpJ rpwpjhfj; jq;fsJ capiuf;Fbf;Fk; ,e;jf; fy;Yilf;Fk; njhopypy; ,tHfs; NtW topapy;yhky; js;sg;gl;bUf;Fk; R+oypy; ,tHfs; jq;fs; tho;it Nkd;ik gLj;Jk; rhj;jpaf; $Wfs; ahit? 
·         cly; eyj;ijg; gzak; itj;J thOk; ,tHfsJ tho;it
·         jq;fisNa ,of;Fk; ,tHfs; jq;fs; Ntiyapd; nfh^uj;ij czHe;J tpopg;GzHTld; Kd;ndr;rhpf;ifNahL ek;gpf;ifA+l;Lk; epiyf;F jq;fsJ tho;it vt;thW ,l;Lr; nry;y KbAk;?
·         cly; ciog;gpy; ek;gpf;ifitf;Fk; ,tHfs; khw;Wr; rpe;jidNahL     khw;Wj; njhopypy;
·         ngz;fs; rpwhHfSk; ,f;fy;Yilf;Fk; njhopypy;
·         nra;Ak; njhopyhYk; Mw;Wk; gzpahYk; jPq;ifg; gzpf; nfhilahf ngWk; ,tHfspd; tho;Tr; R+oy; khWtjw;fhd nray;ghLfs; vt;thW ,tHfis ,e;j tpspk;G epiy moptpypUe;J MNuhf;fpakhd tho;T kw;Wk; Ntiyr; R+oYf;Fk; ,tHfis jpir topahf;fk; nra;Ak; ek;gpf;ifA+l;Lk; Nghf;Ffis; vd;dthf ,Uf;fKbAk;?
·         tho;T vd;Dk; nfhilia eykhf tho ,ayhJ jq;fspd; khz;igapoe;;J jtpf;Fk; ,tHfis tpLtpj;J eytho;Tf;F mioj;Jr; nry;Yk; topfisAk; tha;g;GfisAk; vt;thW tprhykhf;fTk; Jhpjkhf;fTk; fUtpfshf cs;sit vit?
3. ,iwnahspapy;
3.1 clYk; ciog;Gk;
     ciog;G caHitj;jUk; vd;gJ gz;ilaj; jkpo; $w;W.  ciog;gpy;yhky; kdpj tho;T tsk; ngWtjpy;iy. ciog;ig kdpj ePl;rpahff; fUjyhk;.  ciof;f kdkpy;yhj vtUk; cz;zyhfhJ” (2 njr 3:10) vd;W gTybahH $WfpwhH. jhq;fs; cz;Zk; czTf;fhf ciof;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W Mz;ltH ,NaR fpwp];Jtpd; ngauhy; fl;lisapl;L mwpTWj;JfpNwhk; (2 njr 3:12) vd;W gTybahH kPz;Lk; $WfpwhH.  ciog;G xUthpd; tho;tpd; Njitfis epiwT nra;a ty;yJ. 
     gyd; juhj ciog;G xU mbikj;jdkhf khWfpd;wJ. fy;Fthhp kf;fSk; ciog;gpd; gyid mDgtpf;fhky; mtw;wpd; NtjidfjisNa mDgtpf;fpd;wdH. ciog;ghy; cliy NgZk; epiykhwp ciog;Ng cly; eyj;ij Ruz;Lk; epiy te;jilfpd;wJ.  cliy tsHj;NjNd capH tsHj;NjNd vd;w jpU%yhpd;  tha;r;nrhy;Yf;F ,q;F mHj;jk; ,y;yhky; Nghfpd;wJ.
     rpy Ntiyfspy; nfl;Lg;Nghd czit cz;gjhy; me;j czNt eQ;rhf khWtJNghy; newpapy;yhj ,e;j capH Fbf;Fk; ciog;G> tho;itf; Fiyf;Fk; ciog;ghfptpLfpd;wJ. cliyf; fhf;f Ntz;ba ciog;G cliy mopf;fpd;wJ. 
     gz;ila fpNuf;fHfs; cly; Md;kh vd;W kdpjiu gphpj;Jg;ghHf;Fk; Nghf;F ,Ue;jJ.  cliyj;  jho;thff; fUjp Md;khit caHj;jpg; gpbj;jdH.  cly; mopTf;F vd;Wk; Md;kh moptpy;yhj tho;Tf;F vd;wr; rpe;jidj; jhf;fk; NkNyhq;fpapUe;jJ.  ,g;gb epidj;j fpNuf;fHfs; kj;jpapNyjhd; xypk;gpf;]; Nghl;b Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ.  cliy NgZk; $WfSk; ,tHfsplkpUe;J cjpj;jd.
     fpNuf;f nka;apaypd; jhf;fk; jpUr;rigapy; njhlf;ffhyj;jpypUe;J ,Ue;J te;jd. cly; jPaJ -Md;kh J}aJ vd;w rpe;jidia jpUr;rigj; je;ijaHfs; J}f;fpg; gpbj;jdH.  ,e;jr; rpe;jid jpUr;rigapd; Nfhl;ghLfSf;Fs;Sk; Eioe;J gy E}w;whz;Lfs; Ml;rpnra;jpUf;fpd;wJ.  Mhp[d;> eprh fpuNfhhp> n[Nuhk; kw;Wk; mF];jpdhH MfpNahH ,f;nfhs;if;F tpj;jpl;ldH.
     jpUtptpypaj;jpy; khdpliu Md;kh-cly; vdf; $W Nghlhky; KOikahfg; ghHf;Fk; Nghf;fpidf; nfhz;Ls;sJ.  mg;NghJ Mz;ltuhfpa flTs; epyj;jpd; kz;zhy; kdpjid cUthf;fp  mtd; ehrpfspy; capH %r;ir Cj kdpjd; capH cs;std; Mdhd; (njhE} 2:7). flTs; kdpjiu jd; rhaypYk; cz;lhf;FNthk;. mtHfs; fly; kPd;fisAk; thdj;Jg; gwitfisAk; fhy;eilfisAk; kz;ZyF KOtijAk; epyj;jpy; CHtd ahtw;iwAk; Msl;Lk;” (njhE} 1:26).  MtpAk; clYk; ,ize;J nray;gLtJjhd; kdpjk;.  caphpd;wp clyhy; tho ,ayhJ. cly; topahfj;jhd; Mtp nrayhw;w KbAk;.  ,itapuz;LNk kdpj tho;tpd; KOikf; $Wfs;. 
            “clNy kPl;gpd; %iyf;fy;; vdf; $WfpwhH njhHJy;ypad;. kDTU vLf;Fk; kiwAz;ikapy; thHj;ij kdTUthdhH vd;gJ cliyg;gw;wpa Gjpa ghHitia Kd; itf;fpd;wJ.  ,iwkfd; clnyLj;J ek; tYtpd;ikapy; gq;Fnfhs;Sk; me;j mw;Gj epfo;T clypd; Nkz;ikia typAUj;Jfpd;wJ.  fhz ,ayhj flTis ,e;j kDTUntLj;jypy; fz;L nfhz;bUf;fpd;Nwhk;.  ,e;j clNy ,iwikia ntspg;gLj;Jk; Clfkhf mike;jJ.  kDTUntLf;Fk; kiwAz;ikAk; capHnjOjy; vd;w kiwAz;ikAk;  cliy ikakhf itf;ff;$baJ fpwp];j;jt ek;gpf;iffs;.
3.2 Kjy; Vw;ghL
     tpLjiyg; gaz E}ypy; ,];uhNayH vfpg;jpauhy; mbikg;gLj;jg;gl;L xLf;fg;gl;ldH. (tpg 9:14) mtHfspd; vz;zpf;ifiag; ghHj;J gae;J mtHfs; ngUfp;lhjthW Rikahd Ntiyfis Rkj;jpdH. vfpg;jpaH cly; ciog;igf; fbdkhf;fp ,];uNay; kf;fspd; tho;it Fiyj;J nfhLikg;gLj;jpdH.  ,e;jf; fbdkhd tho;Tr; R+oypy; ,Ue;J ,k;kf;fis ,iwtd; jhNk NkhNr topahf tpLjiy tho;Tf;F mioj;J nry;fpwhH.  ,iwtd; tpUk;GtJ kf;fs; ciog;ghy; mbikg;gl;Lfplg;gjy;y  khwhf kdjpH  mf Rje;jpuj;JlDk;  kfpo;rpAlDk; jq;fs; khz;ig ,of;fhky; jq;fsp;d; tho;Tf; nfhilia MNuhf;fpkhf tho;tJ jhd;. ,e;j  mbikj;jdj;jpypUe;j ghYk; NjDk; nghopAk; cld;gbf;if ehlhd fhdhd; ehl;bw;F ,l;Lr; nry;fpwhH  ahNt ,iwtd;.
     ,t;thW mbikj;jdj;jpypUe;J tpLjiyf;F ,l;Lr; nry;Yk; NghJ ghiytdj;jpy; ghiwapypUe;J jz;zPH je;J kf;fspd; jhfj;ij jdpj;jhH.  ,uT Neuq;fspy; kd;dhitg; nghope;J (tpg 16: 4) ghiytdj;jpy; ,iwr;rpf;Ff;  fhilfis czthff; nfhLj;jhH ahNt flTs;.  ,t;thW flTs;jhNk kf;fis guhkhpf;Fk; je;ijahf ,Ue;Js;shH.   kdpjH grp> jhfk;> nfhLik> Mfpatw;why; mopa flTs; tpUk;Gtjpy;iy.  kdpjH    grp> gl;bdp> jhfk; kw;Wk; gy ,d;dy;fSf;Ff; fhuzk; flTs; my;y khwhf kdpjhpd; gfpuh kdg;ghq;Nf MFk;.  tskhd ehl;Lf;Ff; $l;bf;; nfhz;L NghFk; flTs;> kf;fspd; eykhd tho;itNt ikaf; fUj;jhfptpLfpd;whH.  Kjy; Vw;ghl;by; gy;NtW fhy fl;lq;fspy; ahNt flTs; jdJ mstpy;yhj guhkhpg;ig ,];uhNay; kf;fSf;Ff;  fhl;bapUf;fpwhH.
3.3 ,NaRtpd; Nghf;F    
     ew;nra;jpapy; ,NaR kf;fspd; eykhd tho;Tf;fhf  gy nray;ghLfspy; jd;id
3.4 gTybahhpd; $w;W 
     fpNuf;fr; rpe;jidfis mjpfkhf gTypd; kly;fspy; ntspg;gLk;. fpNuf;f nkhopapy; NgrpdhYk; vOjpdhYk; vgpNua kugpd;gb cliy kjpf;Fk; Nghf;fpid gTy; nfhz;bUe;jhH. cliy MtpahdtH thOk; Nfhapyhf (1nfhhp 3:16)  rpj;jhpf;fpwhH.  flTis topgLk; fhuzkhf cly; tpsq;Ftjhf $WfpwhH.  flTis ek; clypd; topahf kfpikg; gLj;j Ntz;Lk; (1nfhhp 6:20) vd;Wk;  jpUr;rigia fpwp];Jtpd; clyhf (vNg 4:12)  cUtfpf;Fk; gTybahH cly; vd;gij fpwp];JNthL jpUKOf;fpNy ,iztijAk; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whH (1nfhhp 12:3).   fpwp];JNt ,e;j clypd; jiy (nfhNyh1:18).  fpwp];Jtpd; ,wg;ig ek; clypy; Rkf;fpNwhk; (2nfhhp 4:10). vd;gJ fpwp];Jtpd; capHg;gpYk; ehk; gq;F ngwg; NghfpNwhk; vd;Nw nghUs;gLk; (gpyp 3: 21). Mf ek; cly;> capHg;G vd;Dk; kiwnghUspy; kfpik ngWk;.  cly; ,Wjp ehspy; capH ngw;nwOk; vd;w epiwTfhy ek;gpf;ifia fpwpj;jtHfs; kl;Lky;y n]huh\;bu (ghHrPa) rkaKk; ,JNghd;w ek;gpf;ifia vLj;Jiuf;fpd;wJ.
3.5 rkj;Jt gypahd ew;fUiz
     ew;fUiz vd;W nrhd;dhNy epidT> gyp> jpahfk;> cilgLjy;> md;G> jd;idapoj;jy;> cwT> cld;gbf;if> jpUtUl;rhjdk;> capH> cly;> ,uj;jk;> gpurd;dk;> epfo;T vd;W gy nrhw;fs; ekf;F epidTf;F tUk;. ,NaR jd; capiuAk;> cliyAk;> ,uj;jj;ijAk; jfdg;gypahff; fy;thhp kiyapy; ,t;Tyfk; tho jd;id toq;fpa gypapd; epidT ew;fUiz. ,e;j epidTf;$Wjiyj; jdJ ,Wjp ,uhTztpy; kuzrhrdkhf jk; rPlHfspd; ghjq;fisf; fOtp mg;gj;ijAk; jpuhl;ir ,urj;ijAk; jd; clYk; ,uj;jKkhf epidT $w jhNd nra;J fhl;b mijj;  njlHe;J epfo;j;j fl;lisapLfpwhH. fy;thhp kiyapy; epfo;e;j me;jg; gyp ,d;Wk; fy;Fthhpfspy; epfo;e;J nfhz;L jhd; ,Uf;fpd;wd. ,NaR jk; cliy gpwH tho gypahfj; je;jJ Nghy ,f;fy;Fthhpj; njhopyhsHfSk; jq;fsJ cliy rpijj;J gpwH tho jq;fis ,of;fpd;wdH. ,tHfSk; ,NaRitg; Nghy jpahfj;jpd; nrk;ky;fsh? njhpe;J nra;tJ jpahfk;@ njhpahky; Ruz;lg;gLtJ khz;gw;w r%fj; jPik vd;Nw nrhy;yyhk;. jpUtUl;rhjdk; kdpjiu mUSf;F ,l;Lr; nry;Yk;. Mdhy; ,tHfspd; ciog;Ngh ,tHfis ,USf;F ,l;Lr;nry;fpwJ. ew;fUiz rkj;Jtj;ijAk; kdpj khz;igAk; typAWj;JtJ Nghy; Fthhpj; njhopyhsHfspd; kdpj khz;Gk; rkj;JtKk; typAWj;jg;gLtNj ,tHfspd; tho;tpy; J}a ew;fUizj; jpUtUl;rhjdkhFk;.
3.6 khDltpay; nry;Yk; rf kdpjr; #j;jpuk;
     khDltpay; ghHitapy; ,f;Fthhpj; njhopyhsHfisf; fhZk; NghJ ,tHfspd; epiyAk; r%f me;j];Jk; ,tHfis rf kdpjHfshf ,r;r%fk;  elj;jhjJ Nghy; Njhd;WfpwJ. khDltpay; J}f;fpg;gpbf;Fk; rf kdpj khz;ig ,tHfSf;F ,r;r%fKk;> gz;ghLk>; r%f mikg;GNk toq;fhky;  r%ftpay; cstpay; kw;Wk; khDltpay; fz;Nzhl;lj;jpy; ,k;kdpjHfs; rf kdpj tho;T tho tho;thjhuk; ,y;yhj epiyapy; mfg;gl;bUf;fpd;wdH vd;gJ Gydhfpd;wJ. khDl tho;tpd; #oy;> gz;ghL> Nkk;ghL Nghd;wtw;iw fzf;fpy; Nfhs;Sk; khDltpay; Neha; tpistpf;Fk; J}rpAk; Mgj;Jk; epiwe;j #oypy; cliyr; rpijj;J capiu rpwpJ rpwpjhf ,oe;J kdpj Neaj;ij ,of;Fk; ,tHfSf;F khDltpay; $Wk; ghlk; vd;d?  rl;lk;> xOq;F> epajp> rkj;Jtk;> eytho;T> kdpj tho;tpd; fl;likg;G kw;Wk; $Wfs; Mfpatw;iwg; gw;wp NgRk; khDltpay; ,tHfisAk; cs;slf;fpj; jhd; NgRfpd;wJ@ ,tHfisAk; rf kdpjHfshfj;jhd; ghHf;fpd;wJ vd;gjpy; ve;jtpj re;NjfKk; ,y;iy.
3.7 khDlk; fhf;Fk; fpwpj;jt khDltpay;
,iwtd; kdpjiuj; jk; rhaypy; jiyahdg; gilg;ghfg; gilj;jpUf;fpwhH@ ,jdhy; midtUk; rkk;. kdpjH ,iwtdhy; rpwg;ghfg; gukhpf;fgLgtH vd;Wk; ,aw;ifapd; gzpahs; vd;Wk; $WfpwJ. kdpjH ghtj;jpy; tpo ,NaR fpwp];Jthy; kPl;fg;gLfpd;wdH. ,NaRtpd; kDTUntLj;jy; ,e;j khDlj;ij Nkd;ikf;Fs;shf;fpaJ. cly; Md;kh vd;fpw fl;likg;Gf;Fs; kdpjk; KOikailfpd;wJ. ,NaR fpwp];Jtpd; capHg;Gk; cliy kfpikg;gLj;jpAs;sJ. capHg;G ehspy; khdplH midtUk; clYld; vOg;gg;gLtH vd;gJk; epiwTfhy ek;gpf;ifahf cs;sJ. rkj;Jtk;> Mz; ngz; rkepiy> ve;jg; ghFghby;yh khDlk; vd;gJ fpwpj;jt khDltpaypy; typAWj;jg;gLfpd;wd. fy;Fthhpj; njhopyhsHfspd; epiyf;F rkjJt rkThpikNa rpwe;j gjpypUg;ghf mikAk;.
3.8 ,iwthf;fpdH vq;Nf?
,iwthf;fpdH ,iwj;jpl;lj;ij kdpj khz;ghf mwptpj;jdH@ mePjpiaj; jl;bf;Nfl;ldH> cld;gbf;ifiaf; fl;bnaOg;gp kWfl;likg;G nra;jdH> jPtpukhfr; nrayhw;wpdH. ,iwj;jpl;lkhfpa ey tho;Tf;Fj; jilahf ,Ug;git midj;ijAk; fz;ldk; nra;jdH(MNk] ;5:24@ 6:7@ 8:11-12 vNukpah5:26-29@ 27:8@ 32:1-5 vrh 1:13-17@ 10:1-4@ 11:1@ 40-43  ). kdpjiu mopf;Fk; nray;ghLfisf; fz;L ntFz;nlOe;jdH. fy;Fthhp njhopyhsHfspd; epiyAk; kWfl;likg;G nra;aNtz;bapUf;fpd;wJ. Fiwthdf; $ypf;F epiwthdj; jPq;if ,ytrkhfg; ngWk; ,tHfisf; fhg;ghw;w ,d;W ,iwthf;fpdHfs; cjpf;f Ntz;Lk;. jPikiar; Rl;bf; fhl;b mijf; fz;ldk; nra;J fOkuj;jpy; Vw;w ,d;W ,iwthf;fpdHfspd; tPujPu Kof;fq;fs; Njit.  ,iwthf;fpdHfspd; nray;fs; jpUtptpypaj;jpy; Kbe;J Nghd xd;wy;y@ mit ,d;Wk; njhlug;gl Ntz;ba xd;W.
3.9 Gj;njhsp: ,d;iwa ,iwthf;fpdH
     jpz;Lf;fy;iy rhHe;j jpU.Qhdkzp (55) vd;gtH fy;Fthhpj; njhopyhsH FLk;gj;jpy; gpwe;jtH. fj;Njhypf;f mUl;gzpahsHfshy; elj;jg;gLk; gs;spapy; gbj;jtH. md;G> fdpT Nghd;wg; gz;Gfisg; gw;wp ,tH gs;sp ehl;fspy; gbj;jpUf;fpwhH. rkj;Jt rKjha ,af;fj;jpy; NrHe;J Fthhpj; njhopyhsHfspd; eyd;fSf;fhfg; ghLgl KbT nra;jhH. fy; Fthhpj; njhopyhsHfspd; fbd ciog;gpd;wp tPLfNsh> khspiffNsh> ghyq;fNsh> Nkk;ghyq;fNsh> njhopw;rhiyfNsh> mYtyq;fNsh> ePjpkd;wq;fNsh> NfhtpNyh> mjDs; cs;s flTNsh ,Uf;f KbahJ vd;Wf; $WfpwhH. ,tH Fthhpj; njhopyhsH eytho;T rq;fk; vd;w muR rhu epWtdj;ij epWtp Fthhpj; njhopyhsHfspd; xUq;fpize;j tho;Tf;fhf cioj;J tUfpwhH.
Fthhpj; njhopyhsH eytho;T rq;fj;jpd; Nehf;F:
     ePjpAs;s r%f epiyia rkkhd nghUshjhu> murpay;> r%f> gz;ghl;L #o;epiyapy; vy;NyhUf;Fk; fy;tp kw;Wk; midj;J ciof;Fk; kf;fSk; kdpj khz;Gld; tho NtzLk; vd;gJ.
     KONeuf; fy;tpapd; topahf ,f;Fthhpj; njhopyhsHfisr; rq;fq;fspy; xUq;fpizj;J nrayhw;wy; ngwr; nra;tJ ,e;epWtdj;jpd; Nghf;fhf ,Uf;fpwJ.
gzpfs;:
·         jkpo;ehl;by;; Fthhpj; njhopyhsHfis xUq;fpizg;gJ.
·         rpwe;jj; jiytHfisAk; tpUg;gg;gzpahsHfisAk; cUthf;FtJ.
·         fy; Fthhpfspy; njhopyhsH chpikfis epiyehl;LtJ.
·         ngz; njhopyhsHfis xUq;fpizg;gJ.
·         Fthhpfspd; epiyikfis Ma;T nra;J mtw;iw Mtzq;dshfg; gjpT nra;tJ.
·         Fthhpfspy; tpgj;jpy; ghjpf;fg;gLNthUf;F rhpahd ,og;gPl;Lj; njhif fpilf;f top nra;tJ.
·         Fthhpj; njhopyhsHspd; Foe;ijfspd; KO tsHr;rpf;fhf trjp nra;tJ.
·         njhopyhsHfSf;F Ntiyg; ghJfhg;Gk; r%fg; ghJfhg;Gk;  mjpfg;gLj;jg;gl nrayhw;WtJ.
·         Fthhpj; njhopyhsHspd; Foe;ijfSf;F KO Neuf; fy;tpia cWjp nra;jy;.
·         Fthhpj; njhopyhsHfspd; cly; eyj;ij Nkk;gLj;JtJ.

     ,e;epWtdk; jkpo;ehl;by;; 12 khtl;lq;fspy; rpwg;ghf nrayhw;wp tUfpd;wJ. ,e;epWtdk; 39 KO Neug; gzpahsHfisAk; 62 tpUg;gg;gzpahsHfisAk; nfhzL ,aq;fp tUfpd;wJ. 43 rpWf; FOf;fis mikj;J RkhH 100 tof;Ffisj; jPHj;J itj;Js;sJ. gs;spg; gbg;gpy; ,ilepWj;jk; nra;ag;gl;l 52 rpwhHfis kPz;Lk;  gs;spapy; NrHj;Js;sJ. 161 rpwhHfis cz;L- ciwtplg; gs;spfspy; gapw;Wtpf;fpd;wJ.

3.10 xLf;Fk; cyfkakhf;fy;
,d;iwa  cyfkakhf;fy; vd;wg; gz;ghl;by; clikfisg; gfpHtpd;wpf; Ftpf;Fk; kdg;Nghq;F epyTfpd;wJ. ,NaR > nry;tj;jpw;Fk; flTSf;Fk; gzpGhpa KbahJ vd;W $WfpwhH (kj; 6:24). nry;tj;jpd; epiyaw;wj; jd;ikia czHe;jtuha; Njitahdtw;iwj; Njitf;Nfw;wthW gad;gLj;Jk; kdg;ghd;ik kdpj khd;ig tsHg;gjhf mikfpd;wJ. mdhij> me;epaH> vspNahH> tpjitfs; (tpg 22:21-24) MfpnahUf;fhdf; fhprid ,];uhNay; kf;fsplk; ,Uf;f ahNt flTs; mwpTWj;Jfpd;whH. ,d;W msTf;F kPwpa nrhj;J Ftpf;Fk; gz;ghLk;> Njitf;F Nky; nghUl;fisr; NrHj;J itj;J rf kdpjUf;F cjthj epiyia fhz;fpd;Nwhk;. ,J kdpjg; gz;ghL MfhJ. gfpHNt ey;kdpjg; gz;ghl;bd; tsHr;rp.
3.11 jpUr;rigapd; rl;lq;fs; kw;Wk; Nfhl;ghLfs;
jpUr;rigapd; rl;lq;fs midj;Jk; kdpj khz;igf; fhg;gjhfTk; Md;khf;fspd; kPl;ig Nehf;fkhfTk; mikfpd;wJ. mePjp> mbikj;jdk;> kdpj khd;ig rPHFiyg;gJ> capH thjid (jpUr;rigapd; rl;l vz;fs; 1041> 1211> 1324> 1397> 1452) cliyr; rpijg;gJ> twpNahuhf;Fjy; Mfpait jpUr;rigapd; rl;l xOq;FfSf;Fg; Gwk;ghdit. jpUr;rigr; rl;lj; njhFg;G jpUr;rig vd;w epWtdj;ijf; fl;bf; fhf;f Vw;gLj;jg;gl;l xd;W vd;W ehk; $wptpl KbahJ. flTs; kdpjuhdhH vd;w kiwAz;ikf;F rhd;W gfHtNj ,j;jpUr;rigapDila flikAk; jiyahdg; gzpAkhf cs;sJ. me;j ,iw epfo;tpd; njhlHr;rpahf ,j;jpUl;rig ,iwahl;rpapd; tpOkpaq;fSf;F cUnfhLj;J mUl;rhjdq;fspd; thapyhf tsg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ.
kf;fis xLf;Fk; mikg;GfisAk; rf;jpfisAk; vjpHj;J kf;fspd; #oikTf;F Vw;g fpwpj;Jtpd; kPl;Gr; nraiyg; nghUshf;fk; nra;tJld; me;je;j #oYf;F Vw;wthW ew;nra;jpapd; gbg;gpidfis kWthrpg;G nra;J Jd;gg;gLk; khDlj;ij fhf;fTk; Nkk;gLj;jTk; jpUr;rigahdJ Kaw;rpf;fpd;wJ. fpwpj;J jUk; kPl;G vy;yh kf;fSf;Fk; chpaJ vd;W nrhd;dhy; vy;yh kf;fSk; ,d;Gw;W tho;tNj ,iwahl;rp. fpwpj;J jUk; kPl;G ntWk; Md;k MWjy; kl;Lky;y@ epiyf;Fiye;NjhUk; epiytho;T ngWtjpy; jhd; fpwpj;Jtpd; kPl;G epfo;T Koikailfpd;wJ. fpwpj;J njhlq;fpa ,e;j epfo;Tf;F kdpj xj;Jiog;G md;id khpahs; topahf Njitg;gl;lJ. Mifahy; jhd; jpUr;rigahdJ md;id khpahis caHj;jpg;gpbj;J fpwpj;jt tho;tpw;F Kd;khjphpahf itf;fpd;wJ. me;j md;id tpLjiy tho;tpw;Fk; xU MzpNtuhf ,Uf;fpwhH. fy; Fthhp njhopyhsHfspd; kPl;G xU Md;kPfr; rlq;fhfNth> gf;jp Kaw;rpfshfNth ek;gpf;iff; Nfhl;ghl;bw;Fs; mlf;fptpl KbahJ. eytho;tpw;fhd ek;gpf;iff; $Wfshd cly;-cs;seyNk ,tHfSf;F ew;nra;jpahf mikAk;.

Fthhpj; njhopyhsHfspd; eyd;fisf; fUj;jpy; nfhz;L mtHfspd; Nkk;ghl;bw;fhff; fPo;f;fz;l topKiwfis eilKiwg; gLj;JtJ mtHfspd; tho;tpy; tsikiaf; nfhz;LtUtjhf mikAk;.
·         XUq;fpizf;f;g;glhjj; njhopyhsHfSf;fhfTk; mtHfspd; chpikfSf;fhfTk; cioj;jpLk; eythhpak; $l;likg;G rq;fq;fspd; topahf ,ize;J  ,e;j kf;fspd; xUq;fpize;j Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;fhf ciof;f Nghuhl ghLgLtJ.
·         ,J Nghd;W kw;w jPq;fpiof;Fk; njhopypy; ,Ug;NghUf;Fk; tpspg;GzHtk; ,tHfspd; tho;T Nkk;gl  top nra;J  khw;Wj; njhopYf;F toptFf;Fk; nray;fis Jhpjg;gLj;JtJ.
·         ,f;Fthhpfspy; Ntiy nra;NthUf;F cjtpahf mtHfSf;F Vw;w tho;Thpik trjpfisAk; khz;Gld; tho Njitahf ,Uf;Fk;; nray;fspy; cjTjy;.
·         cly; eyk;> fy;tp> Nghjpa Cjpak;> ghJfhg;G vjpHfhyj; Njitfs; Nghd;witfis ,tHfSk; ,tHfspd; FLk;gq;fSk; ngw NghwhLtJ.
·         tho;tpd; tpspk;gpy;eRf;fg;gLk; ,tHfSfF nra;ag;gLk;;;;;;;;;;;;;; mePjr; nray;fis vjHj;J rl;l cjtpAk;  ,tHfSf;F  Njit.  mtw;iw ,tHfSf;F toq;f Kw;gLtJ.
·         rf kdpjiu Nghy; vy;yh eyd;fis ngw;W tho rpwg;ghf nghUshjhuj;jpYk; r%f rk chpikfspYk; ,tHfs; caHT ngw muR mspf;Fk; rYiffis ,tHfSf;Fg; ngw;Wj; jUtJld; ,tHfspd; epiyia muRk; kf;fSk; mwpa ,tHfisg; gw;wpa nra;jpfisAk; tho;tpay; Nghf;FfisAk; Clfq;fs; topahf mwptpg;gJ. 
·         Ra cjtpf; FOf;fspd; thapyhfTk; muR epWtdq;fs; thapyhfTk; ,tHfSf;F xUq;fpize;J khiy Neuf;fy;tp> nrhe;jkhfj; njhopy; Mukpf;f tha;g;Gfs;> flDjtp kw;Wk; njhopy; nra;a gapw;rp kw;Wk; Gj;njOr;rpAk; ek;gpf;ifAk; tsu Kfhk; elj;Jjy;.
·         ,tHfSf;F kUj;Jt cjtpGhpa kUj;JtKfhk; elj;jp clyeyj;ij Nrhjpj;J Vw;gl;l Rfkpd;ikf;Ff; Fzk;fpilf;f top tFg;gJ.
·         kd eyj;ijr; rPH nra;Ak; tpjj;jpy; Mw;Wg;gLj;JjYk; cstpay; hPjpahf cjtp ngwTk; Kfhk;fs; elj;Jjy;.
·         r%fg;ghJfhg;Gk; kw;Wk; Ntiyg; ghJfhg;Gk; ngw toptFg;gJ.
·         rkj;Jt rKjha ,af;fk; kw;Wk; Fthhpj; njhopyhsHfs; eytho;T mikg;GfNshL ,ize;J nghUshjhu> murpay;> r%f gz;ghl;L hPjpahf ePjpAs;s  epiyapy; kdpj khz;Gs;stHfshf tho top nra;Ak; tpjj;jpy; Fthhpj;njhopyhshHfis xd;W NrHj;J mtHfspd; tho;Thpikf;fhf tpopg;GzHTld; NghuhLtJ ,tHfSf;F eytho;it toq;Fk; vd;gjpy; Iakpy;iy.
·         ,j;njhopiyNa khz;Gld; nra;a ,tHfSf;F mikg;G hPjpahd cjtpfs; nra;jy;.
·         mbg;gilj; Njitfis  epiwT nra;Ak; tpjj;jpy;  eykhd #oypy; MNuhf;fpakhd tho Kaw;rp vLg;gJ.
·         ,tHfs; rhpahd $ypiag; ngw ,af;fq;fs; topahf fz;fhzpg;gJ.
·         tpgj;J> ,wg;G> Fthhp Ntiynra;tjhy; Vw;gLk; ghjpg;Gf;fSf;Fk; Neha;fSf;Fk; Qhakhd ,og;gPL ,tHfSf;Ff; fpilf;f top tFg;gJ.
·         Ntiyahs; chpikfis epiyehl;lTk;> ngz; njhopyhsHfSf;Fg; ghJfhg;G toq;fTk;> ,tHfspd; Foe;ijfSf;F Kiwahdf; fy;tp fw;Fk; tha;g;ig Vw;gLj;JtJk; ,tHfspd; tho;tpy; Mf;fg;G+Htkhd FWf;fPLfshf mikAk;.














Jizepd;w E}y;fs;
Mde;j;> kJiu. cile;J cUnfhLf;f> ew;fUiz ,iwapay;> ,ja ,iwapwy; ntspaPL> nrd;id> 2000
,uhrehahfk;>r. fhyq;fspy;> itfiw gjpg;gfk;> jpz;Lf;fy;> 1992
Rg;ukz;ad;>e. r%f-gz;ghl;L jkpof tuyhW> vd;nd]; gg;spNf\d;;];> cLkiy> 1991
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Eckholm, Erik. P.  The Picture of Health- Environmental Sources of Disease, World Watch Institute, New York, 1997
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Joseph , George  et al. Health Care in India,  Centre For Social Action , Bangalore, 1983
Lapsley, James .N. Salvation and Heaslth- The interlocking process of Life,  The Westminister Press, Philadelphia, 1998
Maria, Carlo Martini. On the Body – A Contemporary Theology of the Human Person, the Crossroad Publishing Company , New York, 2000
Mathews, C.M.E.& Benjamin, V.  Changing Health Beliefs and Practices in Rural Tamilnadu, Indian Social Institute, New Delhi. 1981
Scott, Russel. The Body as Property, Penguin Books Limited, London , 1981
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5.1 tiyj;jsq;fs;
www.cry.org/projects/tamilnaduprojest4.htm(20.10.2011)
www.dalitandtribe.wordpress.com(20.10.2011)
http://www.envisnioh.org/occupational -hazards.htm(25.10.2011)
http://qwds.org/aboutus.htm( 20.10.2011)                                               







                             



[1]   Cf. Translated by me, http://www.websters-online-dictionary.org/definition, browsed on 25.10.2011

[2] Cf. Translated by me, “Quary Workers’ Development Society- About us” , Gnanamani,    http://qwds.org/aboutus.html , browsed on 25.10.2011
[3] Cf. Translated by me, http://www.envisnioh.org/occupational -hazards.htm , browsed on 25.10.2011
[4] Cf. Translated by me,  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/silicosis, browsed on 25.10.2011
[5]    Cf.Translated by me, http://qwds.org/aboutus.htm, browsed on 25.10.2011
[6] Cf.Translated by me, http://www.faqs.org/health/topics/24/Occupation-safety-and-health.htm,    browsed on 25.10.2011